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Neural Regulation
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Intrathecal administration of substance P at the T-8 level has been shown to increase the secretion of adrenal medullary catecholamines. Cridland and Henry (1988) reported that such treatment also increased the response time in the tail-flick test in unanesthetized, restrained rats. Intrathecal administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone or oxytocin, which also increases sympathetic output, did not alter the tail-flick response. The authors suggested that substance P may activate spinal sympathetic neurons at T-8 to cause the release of opioid peptides from the adrenal medulla. The central action of such circulating opioid peptides may be responsible for the depression of the tail-flick response.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
(from Greek, an: not, algeein: to feel pain) Analgesia is a reduction in the sensation of PAIN, without inducing SLEEP or unconsciousness. Analgesics are drugs that induce analgesia: many drugs have analgesic properties, ranging from MORPHINE through to aspirin. Testing drugs for their analgesic properties is difficult, since it necessarily involves inflicting pain and looking for a reduction in response to it when drugs are given. With rats, various tests have been used: the TAIL-FLICK TEST involves warming a part of the rat's tail (a focused heat lamp is typically used) and the latency to flick the tail away measured. The hot-plate test involves measuring escape latency from a hot plate and the related FLINCH-JUMP TEST involves passing electric current through a grid floor and monitoring rats' flinching and jumping responses. Inflicting pain on an animal and measuring responses to it is clearly an issue that requires careful ethical consideration. Evaluation of alternative methods that could be used, and careful consideration of the likely costs and benefits of an experiment, has to be made. It is worth remembering though that the management of pain in both human and veterinary practice remains an enormous challenge to physicians and that methods to alleviate pain still require considerable improvement.
Safety Pharmacology
Published in David Woolley, Adam Woolley, Practical Toxicology, 2017
These are deceptively simple studies; animals (rats or mice) receive a single administration of the test compound and are then observed for up to 24 hours. In fact, if there are no visible effects after about 8 hours, the later examinations may be dropped completely. However, this apparent simplicity belies the complexity and number of the observational endpoints that are routinely assessed. The main design points of a typical study are as follows: Four groups of five animals, usually rodents (one sex is acceptable, if there is unlikely to be a difference between the sexes), assigned to control and three treatment levels.Single administration, usually oral or intravenous; the chosen route of administration should not impede the observations required, so continuous infusion and inhalation are not likely to be practicable.Assess behavioral changes before dosing and at appropriate intervals at for instance, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours postdose; if effects are seen after 6 hours, further observations may be carried out after 24 hours, or longer, if indicated.The observations include, but are not limited to, cage-side assessment, handling and physical observations, and observation in a standard arena for open-field testing. Actual endpoints assessed may include alertness; locomotor and exploratory activity; grooming; tremors or muscle spasms; posture; gait; coat condition; respiration; aggression; skin color (e.g., for peripheral vasodilation); startle response; reflexes (including tail flick test for pain); examination of the eyes for miosis, mydriasis, corneal reflex; etc.
Chronic stress influences nociceptive sensitivity of female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner
Published in Stress, 2020
Chun-Xiao Yang, Yi Wang, Qi Lu, Yan-Na Lian, Enoch Odame Anto, Ying Zhang, Wei Wang
Tail-flick test (Nazeri, Razavinasab, Abareghi, & Shabani, 2014) was performed after a vaginal smear in the morning on the 3rd day of every week and used to measure the pain response to acute thermal noxious stimuli. The rats were maintained in a tube and placed on the apparatus (PL-200, Taimeng, Chengdu, China). Their tails were allowed to hang freely. A beam of light with 55% intensity was focused at a 5 cm distant on the rat’s tail. The tail-flick latency was defined as the time from turning on the light to tail-flick to the side. To avoid burning damage to the tissue, a cutoff time of 10 s was defined as the maximal thermal pain latency. The average tail-flick latency time was calculated from three consecutive tests with an interval of about 5 min.
Topical anesthetic and pain relief using penetration enhancer and transcriptional transactivator peptide multi-decorated nanostructured lipid carriers
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Tao Jiang, Shuangshuang Ma, Yangyang Shen, Yuwen Li, Ruirui Pan, Huaixin Xing
A tail-flick test was utilized to assess the in vivo analgesic effect (Zhang et al., 2017). A focused radiant heat source was applied as a harmful heat stimulus to the back surface of the tail. LID loaded NLC, free LID (concentration of LID was 2%), TAT/PB NLC, and 0.9% saline were smeared onto the tail surface for 5 min, separately. Then the tail-flick test started and lasted for a total of 75 min, with every 5 min for the first 30 min and every 15 min for the last 45 min. The maximum possible effect (MPE) was calculated to represent the analgesic effect e using formulation (3):
Screening of analgesic activity of Tunisian Urtica dioica and analysis of its major bioactive compounds by GCMS
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Raouia Dhouibi, Dorsaf Moalla, Kamilia Ksouda, Maryem Ben Salem, Serria Hammami, Zouheir Sahnoun, Khaled Mounir Zeghal, Hanen Affes
The tail-flick test was performed according to the procedure described by D’amour and Smith (1941), with some modifications. In the tail-flick test, the time it took a rat to remove its tail from a water bath maintained at 55 ± 0.2 °C was noted. After that, treatment was administrated. Group 1 was the control group; Groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with UD: UD-100, UD-200, and UD-400, respectively; and group 5 was treated with tramadol (standard drug; 30 mg/kg). After predefined time intervals, the time for each rat to move its tail out of the water bath was noted.