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Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Dean A. Tripp, Valentina Mihajlovic, J. Curtis Nickel
Pain-related catastrophizing is a negative, exaggerated cognitive schema that can emerge when a patient is in, or anticipates, pain (Sullivan, Bishop, & Pivik, 1995). Catastrophizing is assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al., 1995) and captures three interrelated factors: rumination (inability to redirect thoughts away from the pain), magnification (expectancies for negative outcomes), and helplessness (perception that one is unable to do anything to reduce the pain’s intensity). Rumination and magnification tend to be reactionary or proximal cognitive responses to pain, whereas helplessness may develop following persistent ruminative thoughts and/or protracted pain. There is little doubt that helplessness about one’s pain and one’s perceived ability to manage it are associated with feelings of despair.
Pain and consciousness
Published in Jennifer Corns, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain, 2017
Particularly germane is the phenomenon of pain catastrophizing, wherein “an exaggerated negative mental set [is] brought to bear during actual or anticipated painful experience” (Sullivan et al. 1995; see also Chapter 12, this volume). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale has been developed to measure what effect one’s “mental set” – beliefs, preferences, goals, and the like – has on pain ratings. The scale takes into account patients’ degree of pain-rumination, pain-magnification, and their judgments of helplessness. A key finding is that pain can seem subjectively better or worse when accompanied by a correspondingly optimistic or pessimistic assessment of its likely duration into the future, its effects on ongoing projects, the severity of the underlying injury or illness, and other such factors. A related phenomenon occurs in post-cingulotomy patients, as well as those undergoing reactive dissociation under morphine, in whom diminished concern about the persistence and severity of a pain causes it to be consciously experienced as less awful (Grahek 2007).
Neuropsychological Assessment of Pain Patients
Published in Kyle Brauer Boone, Neuropsychological Evaluation of Somatoform and Other Functional Somatic Conditions, 2017
Greg J. Lamberty, Carly R. Anderson, Laura E. Krause
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS; Sullivan, Bishop, & Pivik, 1995) is a 13-item scale with three subscales: rumination, magnification, and helplessness. The PCS is utilized to tap into maladaptive thought patterns that negatively impact and exacerbate the pain presentation. For example, rumination about general physical health complaints has been found to result in magnification of perceived symptoms, and pain catastrophizing has been linked with poorer response to medical treatment (Block, Gatchel, Deardorff, & Guyer, 2003; Sansone & Sansone, 2012). In addition, higher levels of pretreatment rumination have been correlated with higher pain intensity ratings, higher opioid use, activity avoidance, suicidal ideation, and longer hospital stays (Keefe et al., 2004; Sullivan, Bishop, & Pivik, 1995). Cognitive responses such as catastrophizing have been found to mediate the effects of neuroticism on pain anxiety, leading to increased anxiety, anger, and emotional distress along with fear of movement in patients with chronic pain (Martinez, Sanchez, Miro, Medina, & Lami, 2011).
Successful conversion from butorphanol nasal spray to buprenorphine/naloxone using a low-dose regimen to assist with opioid tapering in the setting of chronic pain and migraine management in an older adult patient: A case report
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Joshua MacAusland-Berg, Amy Wiebe, Radhika Marwah, Katelyn Halpape
Several measurement-based care tools that were completed as part of the patient’s initial assessment with the USask CPC are summarized in Table 1. The patient’s Prescription Opioid Misuse Index was positive suggesting, a need for further assessment of a possible OUD diagnosis.21 Her Central Sensitization Inventory was suggestive of the presence of mild central sensitization (i.e., nociplastic pain).22 The Brief Pain Inventory scores indicated that the average intensity was low; however, pain severity was 8/10 at its worst and 6/10 on average, which impacted some aspects of the patient’s daily activities.23 The patient’s Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questionnaire score, which assesses for neuropathic pain, was 3/10. This score suggests that neuropathic pain was not a major problem for this patient.24 The patient’s Pain Catastrophizing Scale score, which assesses a patient’s thoughts about their pain experience, was 15/52. A positive score on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale is above 30; thus, this patient did not score positively.25
Hypnotic Enhancement of Virtual Reality Distraction Analgesia during Thermal Pain: A Randomized Trial
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2021
David R. Patterson, Hunter G. Hoffman, Gloria Chambers, Devon Bennetts, Harley H. Hunner, Shelley A. Wiechman, Azucena Garcia-Palacios, Mark P. Jensen
Participants’ pain catastrophizing was assessed using the validated Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) (Sullivan et al., 1995). The PCS has 13 items and assesses the degree of pain catastrophizing in three components: helplessness (H), magnification (M), and rumination (R). The total score indicates the degree of pain catastrophizing. Each individual item is assessed on a scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (always), and hence, the total score range is from 0 to 52. A higher score of pain catastrophizing indicates a state of higher occurrence of cognitive and affective thought processes that makes the person emotionally vulnerable and relates strongly to exaggerated negative orientation toward noxious stimuli, e.g., negative appraisal about pain and its consequences (Sullivan et al., 1995).
Pain, Pain Catastrophizing, and Individual Differences in Executive Function in Adolescence
Published in Children's Health Care, 2019
Tyler Bell, Jessica H. Mirman, Despina Stavrinos
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan, Bishop, & Pivik, 1995) was used to measure amount of catastrophizing. Participants reflected on past painful experiences and rated how often they experienced 13 thoughts and feelings (e.g., I worry all the time about whether the pain will end) when in pain, from 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time). Items were summed to produce a total catastrophizing score (α = 0.92) and divided into three subscales: rumination (4 items; α = 0.92), magnification (3 items; α = 0.73), and helplessness (6 items; α = 0.86). Greater scores on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale is weakly associated with negative affect (r = 0.28) and moderately associated with pain interference (r = 0.39) and intensity (r = 0.53) (Osman et al., 2000). Sullivan et al. (1995) described clinical levels of catastrophizing as scores > 30, clinical levels of rumination > 11, clinical levels of magnification > 5, and clinical levels of helplessness > 13. Scores higher than these cutoffs indicated individuals scoring over the 75th percentile of persons with chronic pain (Sullivan et al., 1995). These cut-offs were used to determine clinical levels of catastrophizing in the sample, but continuous scores were used for correlation and path analyses.