China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anesthesia Monitoring and Management
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of an inhalant is the minimum amount that prevents 50% of the population from responding to a noxious stimulus, when no other drugs, such as sedatives and analgesics, are administered.
General Anesthetics
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
MAC of anesthetic agents suggests the speed of its induction. The induction of anesthesia in brain (highly perfused organ) depends when partial pressure is equal or greater than MAC. As a result, the anesthesia level is achieved in a minute once alveolar partial pressure reaches MAC. The rate of rise of alveolar pressure for those anesthetics which are rapidly soluble in blood and other tissues will be slower which limits its speed of induction and is overcome by higher delivering of higher inspired partial pressures of the anesthetic agents (Brunton et al., 2011; Rang et al., 2011; Golan, 2012).
Small Animal Handling, Care, and Anesthesia
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Inhalant anesthetics are considered the gold standard for rodents as they are easy to administer, easy to remotely administer via a breathing system, safe for many ages and strains, and allow for control of the depth of anesthesia. Inhalant anesthetics include halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the alveolar concentration of an anesthetic required to block the response to a specific stimulus in 50% of animals, so the lower the MAC value, the more potent the anesthetic. The most commonly used inhalant anesthetic in veterinary medicine and rodent research is isoflurane. The MAC for isoflurane in rats is 1.38% (Flecknell 1987). It is readily available and relatively inexpensive. Isoflurane is usually delivered at 3.5%–4.5% gas in oxygen to induce anesthesia, which is then maintained with a concentration of 1.5%–3% (Flecknell 1996). For longer-term anesthesia, Constantinides et al. (2011) showed isoflurane at 1.5% to provide the most stable heart rate and mean arterial pressure in mice anesthetized for 90 min. Isoflurane maintains better cardiac function than most injectable anesthetics but is a respiratory depressant.
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block and Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Halime Ozdemir, Coskun Araz, Omer Karaca, Emin Turk
Premedication and general anesthesia induction and maintenance were the same for all patients. Both groups were monitored including pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, and noninvasive arterial pressure measurement prior to induction of anesthesia. Premedication was performed with an intravenous (iv) injection of midazolam 1–2 mg. Anesthesia induction was achieved with intravenous (IV) 2 mg kg−1 propofol, 0.5–1 μg kg−1 fentanyl and muscle relaxation with 0.6 mg kg−1 rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with a 0.6–0.8 age-corrected minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) (tidal volume = 6-8 mL kg−1, frequency = 12 min−1) with sevoflurane in a 40–60% O2-air mixture. Remifentanil 0.125 μg kg−1 min−1 was used as an intraoperative analgesic. If the patient’s heart rate and mean arterial pressure increased above 20% of the initial value, 1 μg kg−1 IV fentanyl was administered and the sevoflurane concentration was increased by 50%. The operation was performed without any complications by a single surgical team with previously standard surgical procedures considered in the study.
Distal Stimulation Site at the Medial Tibia for Saphenous Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (DSn-SSEPs) in Lateral Lumbar Spine Procedures
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2021
Kathryn Overzet, Derrick Mora, Eloise Faust, Lindsay Krisko, Dyanne Welch, Faisal R. Jahangiri
The anesthetic regimen varied per patient but included inhalational agents such as desflurane or sevoflurane with a requested Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of 0.5 or less. Intravenous agents (propofol, remifentanil, precedex, ketamine) were requested to minimize inhalational agents. The mean MAC across all procedures was 0.7. A short-acting neuromuscular blocking agent was given for intubation. A TOF monitoring technique was utilized by stimulating the posterior tibial nerve and recording from the corresponding abductor hallucis muscle in the foot. A TOF of 4/4 was achieved and maintained in every patient after intubation. A mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 80 mmHg or above was requested, but the mean MAP across all procedures was 77–78 mmHg.
Feasibility of microwave ablation of the vertebral growth plate for spine growth regulation: a preliminary study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Zhi-Shan Du, Ying-Song Wang, Jing-Ming Xie, Tao Li, Zhi-Yue Shi, Qiu-An Lu, Ying Zhang, Zhi Zhao, Ni Bi, Zhi-Bo Song, Ting-Biao Zhu
The experimental pigs were in abrosia for 12 h before the experiment and were deprived of water for 4 h. The body weight, body length, and anal temperature of the experimental piglets were recorded before anesthesia induction. General anesthesia using 3% pentobarbital and atropine was quickly induced, and the anesthesia apparatus connected to the piglet; anesthesia was continued by inhalation (1.2% isoflurane). The depth of anesthesia was maintained at 1 minimum alveolar concentration. Arterial and venous channels were established to monitor blood pressure. After intravenous administration of 1 g cefoperazone in 100 ml of 0.9% sterile physiological saline, the circulation was maintained with balanced salt and colloidal solution alternately.