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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
There are four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue (Standring 2016). The superior longitudinal muscle courses from the submucous fibrous tissue of the posterior tongue and the medial lingual septum to the margins of the tongue (Standring 2016). The inferior longitudinal muscle courses from the root of the tongue and the body of the hyoid to the apex of the tongue, blending with styloglossus (Standring 2016). The transverse muscle blends with palatopharyngeus as it extends from the median fibrous septum to the submucous tissue at the lateral lingual margin (Standring 2016). The vertical muscle is situated just under the superior longitudinal muscle with fibers that extend dorsoventrally (Standring 2016).
Limitation of Opposing Ductions Following Augmented Horizontal Rectus Muscle Transposition
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
David K. Coats, Mohamed A.W. Hussein
Successful use of augmented transposition procedures in the management of vertical misalignment secondary to vertical muscle paralysis has been reported.1 Reported benefits have included improved primary gaze alignment with modest improvement of eye rotation in the field of action of the paralyzed vertical rectus muscle. The effect of this procedure on ductions in the direction opposite that of the paralyzed vertical muscle has not been reported.
Rectus abdominis
Published in John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan, Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
The rectus abdominis muscle is a strap-like vertical muscle, approximately 30 cm in length by 6 cm in width, originating from the symphysis pubis and inserts into the 5th, 6th and 7th costal cartilages along with the xiphoid process. The muscle is enveloped by a tough rectus sheath, formed by the fascia of the three abdominal wall muscles (external/internal oblique and the transversalis abdominis muscles) originating at the linea semilunaris. The aponeurosis in the midline adjoining the two rectus muscles is known as the linea alba. The rectus sheath splits into an anterior and posterior sheath to surround the rectus abdominis muscle. The posterior rectus sheath ends abruptly at the arcuate line at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine bilaterally. Below this line, there only exists an anterior rectus sheath and deep to the rectus muscle is a thin layer of tissue through which the preperitoneal fat is easily identified.
Abnormal Head Posture in Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2021
Masoud Khorrami-Nejad, Mohamad Reza Akbari, Haleh Kangari, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban, Babak Masoomian, Mahsa Ranjbar-Pazooki
For the diagnosis of SOP, the angle of deviation in nine diagnostic gazes was measured by prism cover test. Also, eye movements, as well as overshoot and undershoot of extraocular muscles were tested by version and duction tests. In the next step, before performing the Bielschowsky three-step test, other clinical conditions mimicking unilateral superior oblique palsy or conditions which may have a positive Bielschowsky three-step test except for SOP were examined accurately and excluded from the study. These conditions included paresis of more than one vertical muscle, contracture of the vertical recti, previous vertical muscle surgery, dissociated vertical divergence, myasthenia gravis, skew deviation, and small nonparalytic vertical deviations associated with horizontal strabismus.12 In addition, non-paretic upshoot in adduction as a latent motility disorder, which is usually observed accompanying horizontal strabismus in children13,14 was differentiated from unilateral superior oblique palsy by the absence of history of trauma, absence of primary position hyperdeviation, a lack of subjective torsion, and by checking the chin position. Head tilt with chin up was observed in patients with non-paretic upshoot in adduction.15 Finally, through the Bielschowsky three-step test, SOP was diagnosed with hypertropia in the central gaze that increased in contralateral head tilt and on contralateral gaze.4,16
Strabismus Surgery in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy; Surgical Outcomes and Surgical Dose Responses
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2020
Mohammadreza Akbari, Reza Bayat, Arash Mirmohammadsadeghi, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Bahram Eshraghi, Mirataollah Salabati
A 42-year-old woman with a history of medial and inferior orbital wall decompression presented with 40 PD of left esotropia and severe chin up in primary position. Pre-operative examination showed severe bilateral limitation of abduction and elevation. Orbital CT scan showed bilateral enlargement of medial and inferior rectus muscles. Due to bilateral inferior rectus enlargement, there was no significant vertical deviation in the primary position. In the first step, the patient underwent 6 mm bilateral IR recession for correction of severe chin up. After the first surgery, abnormal head posture was resolved and the patient underwent bilateral 6 mm medial rectus recession for left esotropia. In the final follow-up visit, the patient was orthotropic with no abnormal head posture. The amount of vertical muscle recessions in this patient was not used in calculating the vertical dose response of this study because the purpose of vertical muscle surgery was a correction of severe chin up and not vertical deviation in primary position (Figure 4).
Minimal invasive vertical muscle transposition for the treatment of large angle exotropia due to congenital medial rectus hypoplasia: Case Report and Literature Review
Published in Strabismus, 2020
Mohammad Yaser Kiarudi, Aliakbar Sabermoghadam, Mahsa Sardabi, Seyed Vahid Jafarzadeh, Mohammad Etezad Razavi
One important aspect in surgery of these complicated cases is the risk of anterior segment ischemia. Usually, in any vertical muscle transposition and better establishment of ocular alignment, there is a need for concomitant weakening of the horizontal muscle (lateral rectus). These procedures on one horizontal and both vertical recti when MR is already compromised increase the concern of ASI. One of the advantages of this transposition technique in comparison to traditional techniques is that tenotomy/splitting is not required. Furthermore, by trying to pass sutures in a manner that preserves ciliary vessels of vertical rectus muscles, the risk of segment ischemia decreases more. Botulinum Toxin injection for antagonist weakening in cases of transposition surgery a few days before surgery or intraoperatively has been suggested by some authors especially in the management of complete sixth nerve palsy. One has to keep in mind the relative benefit of injecting the toxin to increase the effect of transposition or avoiding three muscle surgery.14