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The nervous system and the eye
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
James A.R. Nicoll, William Stewart, Fiona Roberts
Transverse myelitis: This is a clinical rather than a pathological term and is used to describe an acute transverse lesion in the spinal cord in the absence of a compressive lesion. Causes include infarction, demyelination, caisson disease (decompression sickness), infection, or haemorrhage
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The open end of the cecum merges with a long tube called the colon, which is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions. Both the ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal, whereas the transverse and sigmoid colon are not. The ascending colon ascends on the right side of the abdomen, reaches the inferior surface of the liver, and turns abruptly to the left to form the right colic flexure. The colon continues across the abdomen to the left side as the transverse colon. It curves beneath the inferior end of the spleen on the left side as the left colic flexure and passes inferiorly to the level of the iliac crest as the descending colon. The sigmoid colon begins near the left iliac crest, projects medially to the midline, and terminates at the rectum at about the level of the third sacral vertebra.
Patella fracture transverse
Published in Alisa McQueen, S. Margaret Paik, Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Illustrated Clinical Cases, 2018
A transverse fracture is a fracture occurring in the medial-lateral plane. Vertical fractures occur in the superior-inferior direction and are very uncommon (see Case 20). Marginal fractures occur at the edge of the patella and do not disrupt the extensor mechanism. Fracture fragments separated by more than 3 mm are classified as displaced fractures and require operative intervention. A comminuted or stellate patella fracture has multiple fragments.
Dosimetric analysis of ultrasound-guided high intensity focused ultrasound ablation for breast fibroadenomas: a retrospective study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Cai Zhang, Mengdi Liang, Tiansong Xia, Heng Yin, Hongwei Yang, Zhibiao Wang, Lian Zhang
All patients underwent pre-HIFU ultrasonography using a high frequency probe (frequency ≥7.5 mHz) (DC-80S, Mindray Medical, Shenzhen, China). The patient lay supine on the examination bed with arms outstretched or raised, and fully exposing the breasts and armpits. The probe was used for a full breast and axillary scan by rotating clockwise from the nipple to the edge of the breast. The targeted breast fibroadenoma was measured in three dimensions: longitudinal (a), anteroposterior (b) and transverse (c). The fibroadenoma volume was calculated according to the following equation: V = 0.5233 × a × b×c. Distance from the shallow margin of the fibroadenoma to the skin and distance from the deep margin of the fibroadenoma to the pectoralis major were also measured (Figure 1). BI-RADS classification was performed on the masses found in the scan. Adler blood flow classification was performed by color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Then, for the evaluation of USgHIFU acoustic pathway, especially the near field, we divided the acoustic pathway into three types: (1) mainly mammary glandular type: the ratio of fat thickness and glandular tissue thickness between the skin and the shallow margin of the fibroadenoma was <1:2; (2) mixed type: the ratio of fat thickness and glandular tissue thickness between the skin and the shallow margin of the fibroadenoma was between 1:2 and 2:1; (3) mainly fat type: the ratio of fat thickness and glandular tissue thickness between the skin and the shallow margin of the fibroadenoma was >2:1 (Figure 2).
Dural venous sinus stenting in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: report of outcomes from a single-center prospective database and literature review
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2022
Matthew J Kole, Juan Carlos Martinez-Gutierrez, Francisio Sanchez, Rosa Tang, Peng Roc Chen
The overall purpose of this review is to systematically examine the previous literature regarding cerebral venous sinus stenting. In addition, we present data from a prospectively maintained database from our institution as an example of presenting signs, symptoms, and outcomes. The remainder of this manuscript will turn its attention thusly. The human cerebral venous drainage is most commonly conceptualized as ‘superficial’ and ‘deep.’ The former is eventually drained via the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), while the latter is drained via the straight sinus. These two structures meet at the torcula Herophili, which is then emptied by the transverse sinuses. The final common drainage pathway for the majority of cerebral venous outflow is via the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, which become the internal jugular vein upon exiting the skull. Patients may also have a single dominant transverse and sigmoid sinus.
Does transverse colon cancer spread to the extramesocolic lymph node stations?
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
Bulent C. Yuksel, Sadettin ER, Erdinç Çetinkaya, Ahmet Keşşaf Aşlar
Although CME and CVL can be applied to all colon cancers, these procedures are slightly different in transverse colon cancers. The transverse colon shows embryological and anatomical oddities due to its midgut and hindgut origin and the location between the foregut and midgut-hindgut. The proximal 2/3 part is the end of the midgut while the distal part is the beginning of the hindgut. The proximal portion of the superior mesenteric artery and the foregut components, such as the great omentum, pancreas and lesser sac, are intertwined. This convoluted relationship suggests the possibility of an interaction between embryological areas. This relationship is even more evident in the venous drainage of the omentum and pancreas. These connections between embryological planes were described by Stelzner et al. in cadaveric studies [12]. In their prospective analysis, Perrakis et al. demonstrated tumor manifestation extending beyond this embryological area [13].