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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Zemlin et al. (1984) found the superior thyroarytenoid muscle in 12 out of 15 larynges (80%). Kotby et al. (1991) found this muscle bilaterally in 16 out of 20 larynges (80%). In a sample of 100 hemilarynges from 50 cadavers, Lee et al. (2018) found this muscle in 36 cases (36%), and it had an insertion into the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle or its fascia in 8 cases (8%).
Anatomy overview
Published in Stephanie Martin, Working with Voice Disorders, 2020
As the thyroarytenoid muscle comprises the bulk of the vocal folds it is important to look at the structure and histology of the vocal folds in more detail. The vocal folds consist of five different layers as follows: The outer layer or integument, which maintains the shape of the vocal fold, consists mainly of columnar epithelium apart from the medial edge and is subject to the greatest impact stress of phonation. It is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, thus making this topmost layer much stiffer than the middle layer.The middle layer or lamina propria, comprising three layers of connective tissue: superficial (known as Reinke’s space) – consists of pliable, loose, fibrous connections;intermediate – consists primarily of elastic fibres;deep – consists of collagen fibres.The body or vocalis muscle, which can thicken, shorten and stiffen the vocal folds.
Anatomy as Applied to Transoral Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Mark Puvanendran, Andrew Harris
The internal laryngeal muscles move the laryngeal cartilages relative to one another, affecting tension and position of the true vocal cords. The thyroarytenoid muscle is a broad flat muscle lying deep to the free edge of the vocal ligament, originating from the thyroid prominence and cricothyroid ligament and inserting in to the vocal process and anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage. The medial portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle is termed the vocalis muscle. The extrinsic portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle inserts anteriorly in to the anterior commissure as thick fibrous tissue known as Broyle’s ligament. The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are depicted in Figure 23.14.
Botulinum toxin-B injection into the lacrimal gland and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle for the treatment of epiphora and abductor spasmodic dysphonia secondary to Parkinson’s disease
Published in Orbit, 2019
Amun Sachdev, Declan Costello, Simon Madge
Spasmodic dysphonia is a focal, action-induced, potentially disabling neuromuscular voice disorder, thought to be secondary to laryngeal dystonia during phonation, resulting in abnormal voice patterns. Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) accounts for 80–90% of cases and has been well-studied; BTX injections into the thyroarytenoid muscles have been very successful in its treatment.7 Conversely, abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD) is relatively rare, characterised by spasmodic abduction of the vocal cords resulting in a hypophonic voice interrupted by breathy voice breaks or whispered segments. Whilst BTX injections have been aimed at reducing tone in the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle, the major abductor of the vocal folds, the degree and duration of treatment effect has generally been disappointing compared to that seen in ADSD.7
Intraoperative Monitoring of External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve: Functional Identification, Motor Integrity, and its Role on Vocal Cord Function
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2018
A neural connection was found that exited the medial surface of the CTM and then entered into the lateral surface of the thyroarytenoid muscle; the human communicating nerve (HCN) [28]. Microdissection of 90 larynges obtained from necropsies established some form of anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves. Anastomosis between the external laryngeal and recurrent nerves appeared in 68% of cases as a connecting branch throughout the CTM [29]. The HCN has been reported to be present in 70% of humans [19]. In our series, 63.4% of EBSLNs of which stimulation created an amplitude may be included in this category of motor connection. Of these nerve branches, 67.5% of them created waveform amplitude between 100 and 200 µV. Therefore, a typical small response may be received on the endotracheal monitoring system through the HCN. On the contrary, we can suggest that patients who had no VC activity after EBSLN stimulation either may not have the HCN or did not create an amplitude of >100 µV. A higher amplitude (>300 µV) with stimulation of 12.6% of nerve branches revealed considerable motor innervations of the intrinsic laryngeal musculature via the EBSLN. A second source of motor innervation for the thyroarytenoid muscle other than the RLN, and communications between the laryngeal nerves has been suggested by clinical and experimental observations [26–28]. Our findings of recordable waveform amplitudes following EBSLN stimulation revealed some role of the SLN in the innervations of the intrinsic laryngeal musculature. These results increase the importance of protection of motor integrity of the EBSLN.
The effect of nasal septum deviation on voice aging
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2022
Ceren Ersoz Unlu, Ozlem Akkoca
Factors that affect aging of the voice are not well-defined. Physiological aging was shown to have a greater effect than chronological aging on the aging voice. Voice exercises may prevent laryngeal muscle atrophy; therefore, the aging process of the voice may be slower in people who perform voice exercises regularly such as professional voice users [31]. Regular aerobic exercise was shown to have a positive effect on the thyroarytenoid muscle in rats [32]. More research is required to determine the other factors that affect aging of the voice. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the only research to have analyzed the effect of NSD on voice aging.