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Clinical Toxicology of Scorpion Stings
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Manuel Dehesa-davila, Alejandro C. Alagon, Lourival D. Possani
The scorpions are arthropods that belong to the class Arachnida and to the order Scorpionida. They have two main body divisions: the prosoma or cephalothorax and the opisthosoma or abdomen. The abdomen is further subdivided into an anterior mesosoma (preabdomen) and a posterior metasoma (postabdomen or “tail”). Both of these regions are segmented. The tail-like metasoma terminates in a bulbous segment called the telson. This structure possesses a sharp, curved stinger or aculeus. A scorpion is equipped with a pair of pedipalps that look like claws; the small chelicerae between the bases of the pedipalps; four pairs of legs, all on the prosoma; and a pair of pectines, which are ventrally located, have comb-like structure and are sensorial organs3. For additional information on the morphology of scorpion, please refer to Chapter 17.
New insights about scorpion venom hyaluronidase; isoforms, expression and phylogeny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus samples were collected manually from the Baghmalek of Khuzestan province southwest of Iran and then transferred to the laboratory. The telsons of 5 specimens from each were removed three days after venom extraction with the electrical stimulation method, powdered in liquid nitrogen and the total RNA was extracted with RNeasy Animal Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The total RNA was used in cDNA libraries synthesis from scorpions of A. crassicauda and H. lepturus by Illumina RNA-sequencing (Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, at Macrogen Co Macrogen, Seoul, Korea) that produces 150 bp paired-end reads. Raw data were cleaned, trimmed and quality assessed by means of the Trimmomatic and FastQC program (http://www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/).
Assessment of the relationship between the amount of scorpion venom in the central nervous system and the severity of scorpion envenomation in rats
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mehdi Ait Laaradia, Sara Oufquir, Moulay Abdelmonaim El Hidan, Fatimazahra Marhoume, Jawad Laadraoui, Kenza Bezza, Zineb El Gabbas, Rachida Aboufatima, Ali Boumezzough, Abderrahman Chait
The venom of 100 scorpions was extracted by electrical stimulation (application of 15 V to the telson of the animal) as described by Ait Laaradia et al. (2018). The venom was solubilized in 500 µL of double distilled water and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 15 min. The protein concentrations content of supernatant was determined using the Coomassie blue dye-binding method Bradford (1976). We tested three repeats of known protein concentrations (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25 mg/ml of BSA) that gave high coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.987), indicating reliability. The protein concentration in our sample is 8.38 ± 0.03 μg/5 μl. Up to use, the sample was stored at −20 C.
In vivo evaluation of antivenom activity of Adenocarpus anagyrifolius methanolic extract against Hottentotta gentili scorpion venom
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Karima Benrazzouk, Mehdi Ait Laaradia, Malika Ait Sidi Brahim, Soukaina Ouhaddou, Ahmed Ouhammou, Abderrahman Chait, Khalid Bekkouche, Mohammed Markouk, Mustapha Larhsini
From the southern region of Morocco, Tata province (29°45'38.3"N; 7°58'47.9"W) the scorpions were assembled. They were kept in well-ventilated wooden cages with free access to food and water. The species was determined according to an appropriate identification key (Lourenço 2003). Venom was taken from H. gentili scorpions by electrical stimulation of the telson as described by Ozkan et al. (2007). The venom was diluted by sterile double distilled water and the protein content of venom was determined conforming to the method of Bradford (1976). Until used, the diluted venom was stored at −20 °C.