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Consumer Safety Considerations of Cosmetic Preservation*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Corie A. Ellison, Alhaji U. N’jai, Donald L. Bjerke
After the contact allergy hazard of a material has been identified, a quantitative risk assessment is conducted as previously described (16). Confirmatory human tests may be conducted to confirm the lack of sensitizing potential of the specific ingredient of interest or in the context of a finished product containing the preservative. It must be noted that such human tests are always confirmatory and not intended for hazard identification purposes. One example of such a confirmatory step is the human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT). Important details regarding experiments of the HRIPT have been published previously and are beyond the scope of this chapter (35). The study design of a HRIPT includes two basic stages. The first is the induction period when patches containing the test material are applied typically for 24 hours to the upper arms or backs of 100 or more subjects 9 times over the course of 3 weeks. The second stage is elicitation. This phase is conducted after a brief rest period of about 2 weeks after the final induction patch application. It consists of reapplying a challenge patch containing the same test material to the same site and/or an alternative skin site. After removal of the challenge patch, the skin grader evaluates the responses of the subjects at several time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) for signs of positive or negative sensitization responses. The skin reactions evaluated include erythema, edema, pruritis, and in some cases vessiculation or bullae. Defined criteria exist for the determination of sensitization responses based on the observed skin reactions (35).
Policies and procedures
Published in Annie Phillips, The Business Planning Tool Kit, 2019
Each practice will run differently; this is not important, but what is important is that the new employee is aware of the professional ‘climate’ at the practice, i.e. what is common practice. At induction, information is given that details some of the expected ways of working and forms part of the contract of employment. It certainly helps to avoid later possible disputes, and acts as a form of reference for new staff who may otherwise be confused about some of the things expected of them. An induction period also allows people who have never worked before more time to adjust to the work situation.
Putative Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh, Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
The model of the classical disease pathway offers a way of conceptualizing how and when risk factors act in the process of disease. Etiology is a term used to refer to a specific cause, while pathogenesis defines the mechanism by which the etiology results in disease. The period between exposure to the cause and the initiation of the disease process is referred to as the induction period. This period of time is dependent on the etiology or cause; no specific time period can be defined. The period between the induction of disease and its detection has been termed by Rothman4 as the latency period.
Developing A Rapid Transfer from Opioid Full Agonist to Buprenorphine: “Ultrarapid Micro-Dosing” Proof of Concept
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2023
Pouya Azar, Nickie Mathew, Daljeet Mahal, James S.H. Wong, Jean N. Westenberg, Christian G. Schütz, Mark K. Greenwald
A shortened induction period may benefit patients including improved treatment retention and better health outcomes. Complicated buprenorphine/naloxone inductions have led to worse treatment outcomes because of the extreme discomfort to patients and extra time and resources required to manage withdrawal symptoms (Whitley et al. 2010). Patients who experience precipitated or significant withdrawal during induction have lower treatment retention rates within the first 2 weeks, and patients who have recently used long-acting opioids (such as methadone) have been found to be at greater risk of precipitated withdrawal (Mattick et al. 2003; Whitley et al. 2010). However, in our case-series, Case 2 had refilled a methadone prescription 3 days before hospital admission, but was still induced without waiting for spontaneous abstinence to emerge and without ever experiencing precipitated withdrawal. This adds to the growing body of evidence which demonstrates that rapid micro-induction can successfully induce patients without complications (Hämmig et al. 2016; Klaire et al. 2019; Pouya et al. 2020).
Early real-world experience with emicizumab and concomitant factor VIII replacement products in adult males with Hemophilia A without inhibitors
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Lorraine Cafuir, Adina Estrin, Er Chen, David Hinds, Patricia Prince, Jennifer Thorburn, Henry Mead, Christine L. Kempton
During the follow-up period, medication use related to HA was higher during the induction period relative to the maintenance period. This trend was observed separately for both emicizumab and FVIII use. The initial higher number of emicizumab claims is likely related to the administration of loading doses for emicizumab, which requires four weekly injections. The initial increase in FVIII fills/in-office administrations during the induction period could be due, in part, to physicians prescribing FVIII to have on-hand to be used as-needed due to the risk of breakthrough bleeding occurring during the loading phase of emicizumab when therapeutic levels have not been reached, as opposed to an increase in bleeding during this period. Similar to the pattern observed with medication usage, outpatient visitsvi were higher during the induction period than during the subsequent months of follow-up. This is likely attributed to, in part, in-office administration of emicizumab during the induction period (which requires four weekly injections) and ongoing patient education on self-injection of emicizumab and on the difference between FVIII replacement products and emicizumab.
Therapy outcome related to adalimumab trough levels in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Johanna Lehtomäki, Anne Nikkonen, Laura Merras-Salmio, Pauliina Hiltunen, Kaija-Leena Kolho
Decisions on management were made at the discretion of the treating physician and were based on the routine use of the clinical symptom index [17], fecal calprotectin [18–20], blood inflammatory marker and drug level measurements, and the presence of drug antibodies when appropriate [7,16]. Clinical disease activity was retrospective scored according to Physician Global Assessment (PGA) on a scale of 1–3 [21]. Fecal calprotectin <100 mg/g is considered as remission and values >1000 mg/g as exceedingly high [18]. The endoscopy or imaging results were also used when they were available. We reviewed data on patient age and gender, a subtype of PIBD, disease duration at adalimumab induction, immunosuppressive medication, adalimumab induction doses, drug levels, and the presence of drug antibodies. Our analysis also included the duration of the adalimumab therapy, the reasons for discontinuing the drug, and any adverse events. As most adalimumab injections are given at home, the day of blood sampling varies from 0 to 3 d prior to the injection but counts as trough level. There were in total 328 measurements of adalimumab levels in 75 patients, but as the sampling time points varied, we evaluated the levels and inflammatory markers at the following time points: 1) in the first 3 months (corresponding induction period), 2) at one year, and 3) at the latest follow-up visit.