China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Quadrilateral Defects in the Tuskulenai and Leon Trotsky Cases: Skeletal Trauma Associated with Soviet Violence in Two Different Contexts
Published in Heather M. Garvin, Natalie R. Langley, Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, 2019
Cate E. Bird, Rimantas Jankauskas
Quadrilateral exit wounds were less common. Two cases were observed in burial pit 23: one individual demonstrated a possible incomplete exit wound on the inferior of the cranium, just right of the foramen magnum. This exit defect was directly opposite from a quadrilateral entrance wound, which was located on the superior aspect of the cranium. The exit defect manifested as bone pushed outward (like a reverse depression fracture), but the instrument did not completely penetrate the outer table. The second individual demonstrated a square-shaped possible exit wound on the right squamosal suture, which laid directly opposite from a much larger entry wound on the left side of the cranium. Consistent with an exit wound, external beveling was noted, but no internal beveling was observed. Furthermore, one radiating fracture was noted as extending superiorly.
Clefts and craniofacial
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Kleeblattschädel – a clover leaf skull that results from synostosis of coronal, lambdoidal and metopic sutures with compensatory bulging at the sagittal and squamosal sutures, leading to a trilobe-shaped skull (and brain). Sutures are often re-opened due to the elevated ICP, and there is bone erosion. It is usually regarded as a type II Pfeiffer syndrome (Cohen, Am J Med Genet, 1993).
Craniofacial Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Benjamin Robertson, Sujata De, Astrid Webber, Ajay Sinha
This describes a trilobar skull and is usually caused by pansynostosis involving the coronal, lambdoid and metopic sutures, with bulging of the brain through open sagittal and sometimes squamosal sutures. The prognosis is often, but not universally, poor. Cloverleaf skull is a non-specific anomaly and may be an isolated defect or part of wider syndromes. As such, the aetiology of cloverleaf skull is varied. It may be seen in patients with certain chromosomal abnormalities or be a feature of syndromes such as Pfeiffer, Apert, Crouzon and Carpenter.
Creating a human head finite element model using a multi-block approach for predicting skull response and brain pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Zhihua Cai, Yun Xia, Zheng Bao, Haojie Mao
Nahum et al conducted the intracranial pressure experiments (Nahum et al., 1977). In the tests, a 5.6 kg rigid cylindrical impactor covered by padding materials impacted the prefrontal bones of re-pressurized cadavers. In our study, the FE head model was inclined about 45°, impacted frontally by the 5.6 kg impactor (density: 2000 kg/m3, elastic modulus: 85 MPa, Poisson’s ratio: 0.017, optimized based on (Pinnoji and Mahajan, 2007) moving at a velocity of 6.3m/s (Figure 2a). In the model, the neck was not considered because the impact time would be too short for the neck to affect head response kinematics. Therefore, a free boundary condition was used to simulate Nahum’s impact experiment in this study, consistent with the literature (Cotton et al., 2016). The contact force and the intracranial pressures were compared with the data in Nahum’s experiment. In order to investigate the intracranial pressures, four points of the head model were selected for analyses (Figure 2a). Point A was located behind the frontal bone adjacent to the impact, point B was located in posterior and superior to the coronal and squamosal suture, point C was located in the parietal area inferior to the lambdoidal suture of the occipital bone, and point D is at the posterior fossa in the occipital area.