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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
The splenius muscles may be absent (Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988). Other variations include proximal displacement of the origin of the splenius muscles by one or two vertebrae, or asymmetric origins (Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Splenius capitis may be divided into a superior and inferior portion (Macalister 1875; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Splenius capitis may be blended with splenius cervicis (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Kamibayashi and Richmond 1998; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Slips can connect the splenius muscles to longissimus capitis, iliocostalis, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, or serratus posterior superior (Wood 1870; Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016).
The Triple Heater (TH)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Splenius capitis muscles: The splenius muscles, acting unilaterally, bend the head laterally and rotate it to the side of the active muscles; acting bilaterally, the splenius muscles extend the head and neck. Both right and left splenius capitis muscles function in concert to rotate the head and lift the chin.
The Skin and Muscles of the Back
Published in Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause
On the dorsum of the neck, deep to the trapezius, identify the splenius muscle. This is the first of the four major groups of intrinsic muscles in the back. The splenius consists of two parts, the splenius cervicis and splenius capitis. The two parts are named according to their insertion; that is, whether the muscle bundles insert upon the cervical vertebrae (cervicis) or upon the posterior aspect of the skull (capitis).
Ultrastructure of CIC-DUX4 sarcoma: the first pathological report
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Hisashi Tamada, Mikiko Kobayashi, Kenji Sano, Takeshi Uehara, Yuki Matsumoto, Ayako Tateishi, Maki Ohya, Munehisa Kito, Kaoru Aoki, Hiroyuki Kanno
A 14-year-old otherwise healthy girl observed a swelling in her neck. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 3.8 × 3.2 × 2.8 cm tumor located between the left trapezius and splenius muscles. The tumor grew rapidly. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed strong accumulation with no evidence of metastasis. Based on the clinical features and needle biopsy findings, ES or Ewing-like sarcoma was suspected, and an incisional biopsy was performed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis were conducted using the flesh sample obtained by the biopsy. Sequencing of DNA extracted from the specific gel band showed the CIC-DUX4 fusion gene.
Application of botulinum toxin in pregnancy and its impact on female reproductive health
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
In 2004, Newman reported the first case of a pregnant woman with idiopathic CD; she received three injections of BoNT during pregnancy [18]. The timing and dosage of these injections were 15 weeks/200 U, 21 weeks/100 U, and 32 weeks/300 U, respectively. Throughout the pregnancy, BoNT treatment significantly improved the symptoms of CD, which recurred approximately 3 to 4 months after each injection. In the subsequent 9 years, the patient became pregnant on three occasions, and received BoNT several times during each pregnancy; the injections yielded good results in all three pregnancies, and the patient gave birth to healthy babies. Aranda et al. reported a patient who received BoNT injection during pregnancy to treat idiopathic painful CD [19]. The clinicians performed an injection of BoNT once each in the second and third trimesters. The injection site and dose were identical to those used before pregnancy: 40 IU in the left sternocleidomastoid muscle, 150 IU in the right splenius muscle, and an additional 60 IU divided between the right trapezius and right elevator scapula muscles. The total dose throughout the pregnancy was 500 IU. At 40 weeks of gestation, the patient spontaneously gave birth to a healthy, 3,400-g baby. She continued to use BoNT after delivery to achieve symptomatic relief. In a questionnaire survey of 396 physicians, Morgan found that nine pregnant women with CD received BoNT injection during pregnancy [20]. There was one spontaneous abortion, but the other eight patients gave birth to healthy babies; thus, Morgan considered the BoNT treatment to be relatively effective. Taken together, those studies showed that BoNT was safe and produced a good therapeutic effect in the treatment of CD during pregnancy. A summary of all cases of BoNT treatment for CD during pregnancy is provided in Table 1.