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Anatomy overview
Published in Stephanie Martin, Working with Voice Disorders, 2020
The pharynx has two muscular layers. The outer layer, which forms the major part of the pharynx, is formed by three pairs of constrictor muscles – the superior, middle and inferior constrictors. These muscles, whose fibres have a circular direction, form the posterior and lateral walls of the pharynx, while the anterior portion of the pharynx affords a linkage to the nasal, oral and laryngeal sections of the pharynx. These ‘linkages’ are known, respectively, as the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The constrictor muscles function, as the name suggests, to constrict the pharynx during swallowing or gagging. The inner muscular layer of the pharynx, which forms the pharyngeal tube, is composed of the stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus muscles, whose fibres have a longitudinal direction, which contract to lift the pharynx during swallowing. In addition, contraction of the palatopharyngeus narrows the Pillars of Fauces, the archway between the pharyngeal and oral cavities which is formed by the tongue, anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, and soft palate. Contraction of the stylopharyngeus helps to move the lateral walls of the pharynx medially.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The musculus uvulae lies in the midline of the soft palate, anterior to the palatopharyngeus. The palatopharyngeus runs from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall, elevates the larynx during swallowing, and forms part of the longitudinal constrictor layer of the pharynx together with the salpingopharyngeus and the stylopharyngeus. The salpingopharyngeus originates from the cartilage of the auditory tube. Then, the salpingopharyngeus blends with the palatopharyngeus to attach inferiorly onto the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall, thus also helping to raise the larynx during swallowing. The levator veli palatini runs from the cartilage of the auditory tube and adjacent temporal bone to the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate, thus lifting the soft palate. The palatoglossus runs from the palatine aponeurosis to the lateral side of the tongue, and thus elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate, and is also innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X). As such, contrary to what its name indicates, the palatoglossus is a pharyngeal muscle, not a true tongue muscle (and thus not a hypobranchial, somitic muscle).
Anatomy of the Pharynx and Oesophagus
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Shaped like a long and slender trumpet, the salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the lower part of the cartilaginous pharyngotympanic tube and descends internally in the salpingopharyngeal fold and inserts by blending into the palatopharyngeus muscle. The action of this muscle is to elevate the pharynx, although it may also serve to assist the soft palate muscle, tensor veli palatine, in opening the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing.
Management of palatal myoclonic tinnitus based on clinical characteristics: a large case series study
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Jung Mee Park, Woo Jin Kim, Jae Sang Han, So Young Park, Shi Nae Park
Palatal myoclonic tinnitus (PMT) is a rare otological condition classified as objective tinnitus or somatosound of muscle origin. It is caused by rhythmic voluntary or involuntary movements of the soft palate, mainly involving the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatine muscles. Palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles may also be associated with PMT. The most common symptom is a ‘clicky’ noise in the ear, frequently occurring in a pulsatile manner. Rhythmic contraction of the soft palate on oral or nasal endoscopy is a critical diagnostic clue of PMT. Physicians can also objectively hear the ‘clicky’ sound using the Toynbee tube.