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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Rhomboid minor originates from the inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae and spines of the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae (Standring 2016). It attaches to the medial border of the scapula at the root of the scapular spine (Standring 2016).
Upper Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The clavicle or collarbone, is a long bone that connects the scapula to the sternum via the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints (Plates 4.5, 4.7, and 4.8). The acromioclavicular joint is a plane synovial joint between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle, and is associated with the coracoclavicular ligament—formed by the conoid ligament and the trapezoid ligament—and the coracoacromial ligament (Plate 4.8b). Note that the clinical condition known as shoulder separation refers to a separation between the acromion and the clavicle, that is within the shoulder girdle and not to a separation between this girdle (and namely the scapula) and the humerus (arm), which is called shoulder dislocation. The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium and the adjacent part of the 1st costal cartilage, forming the sternoclavicular joint. This joint is stabilized by the anterior sternoclavicular ligament and the costoclavicular ligament, and its articular disc prevents medial displacement of the clavicle (Plate 4.8a). The saddle shape of the joint surfaces, combined with the articular disc, allows the sternoclavicular joint to function almost as freely as a ball-and-socket joint. As the scapula is directly connected to the clavicle, the sternoclavicular joint is crucial for the protraction (anterior displacement), retraction (posterior displacement), depression, elevation, medial rotation—inferior angle going medially—and lateral rotation—inferior angle going laterally—of the scapula. In addition to these six movements, the scapula can also be adducted (i.e., moved medially, toward the midline; in the human body this movement is normally coupled with a retraction of the scapula) by the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor, and abducted (returned to its original position) mainly by passive movement.
Muscle co-contraction in an upper limb musculoskeletal model: EMG-assisted vs. standard load-sharing
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Ehsan Sarshari, Matteo Mancuso, Alexandre Terrier, Alain Farron, Philippe Mullhaupt, Dominique Pioletti
The origins/insertions, via points, and wrapping objects of 42 muscles spanning the upper extremity joints were defined from the MRI scans, including subclavius, serratus anterior upper/middle/lower, trapezius C1-C6/C7/T1/T2-T7, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor/major T1-T2/major T3-T4, pectoralis minor/major clavicular/major sternal/major ribs, latisimuss dorsi thoracic/lumbar/Iliac, deltoid clavicular/acromial/scapular, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor/major, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii long/medial/lateral, biceps brachii short/long, brachialis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator Teres, flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris, and extensor carpi radiali long/radialis bervis/ulnaris (Ingram 2015). Each muscle group of the model can be represented by up to 20 strings (Figure 3). Three strings per muscle were considered for the simulations of this study.
Current concepts review: peripheral neuropathies of the shoulder in the young athlete
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Tamara S. John, Felicity Fishman, Melinda S. Sharkey, Cordelia W. Carter
Radiographs of the cervical spine, chest, and/or shoulder can be obtained but are rarely diagnostic in the setting of SAN palsy. CT or MRI scans are only useful if other diagnoses such as mass lesions or cervical disk disease are suspected [11] Electrodiagnostic studies are the most helpful tools to guide diagnosis and treatment. The condition of the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, as well as muscles that could be considered for transfer (levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor) can be assessed. These studies can also be repeated over time to monitor nerve recovery.