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Genetics of Obesity: Etiologic Heterogeneity and Temporal Trends
Published in Claude Bouchard, The Genetics of Obesity, 2020
Ingrid B. Borecki, Michael A. Province, Claude Bouchard, D. C. Rao
The observation that the prevalence of obesity has been increasing in developed countries over the last half century26 is consistent with studies suggesting the importance of nonshared environmental influences. While the frequency and magnitude of precipitating factors may be rising, the phenotypic response at the individual level possibly could be a function of genetic predisposition. Direct evidence to support this hypothesis has been presented recently for various obesity phenotypes by measuring the response in identical twins to a 100-day overfeeding regimen.27 The changes in absolute and relative fat mass to the homogeneous, controlled environment were significantly more similar within each monozygotic twin pair than among nonrelated subjects and additionally suggested that gene by environment interaction effects also might account for an appreciable amount of the variance in obesity phenotypes. The presence of secular environmental effects could be manifest in an analysis of cross-sectional data as intergenerational differences in heritability or shared environmental effects for individuals close in age belonging to the same cohort, depending on the age structure of the families. Thus, unaccounted temporal trends in environmental factors could explain some of the variability in the conclusions regarding the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors.
Growth and Maturation During Childhood
Published in Mark De Ste Croix, Thomas Korff, Paediatric Biomechanics and Motor Control, 2013
Craig A. Williams, Louise Wood, Mark De Ste Croix
Relative differences in fat mass expressed as a percentage of body mass, show girls to be on average higher than boys throughout infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. For adolescent girls, relative fatness approximates the same pattern as fat mass. In boys, however, unlike fat mass there is a decline in relative fat mass due to the rapid growth of fat-free mass (FFM). This is the major difference between boys and girls – that although there may be differences in muscle tissue during infancy and childhood, the sex differences become profoundly significant during adolescence.
Relative fat mass assessment estimates changes in adiposity among female older adults with obesity after a 12-month exercise and diet intervention
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Katelyn E. Senkus, Kristi M. Crowe-White, Julie L. Locher, Jamy D. Ard
Relative fat mass (RFM) is an emerging index used to estimate whole body %fat based on waist circumference, height, and biological sex [6]. The development and validation of this index were completed using a nationally representative sample of United States adults and the authors concluded that RFM more accurately estimated whole body %fat than BMI. Similar findings have been reported for this index among children, young adults, and individuals with Down Syndrome; however, it has yet to be evaluated among older adults with obesity [7–9]. Additionally, its sensitivity to intervention-driven change has yet to be investigated. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between RFM and gold-standard measures of adiposity among community-dwelling older adults with obesity and to evaluate if changes in RFM reflect changes in %fat following a 12-month lifestyle intervention.
The role of growth and maturation during adolescence on team-selection and short-term sports participation
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Erin N. Barbour-Tuck, Donovan Dale, Lauren B. Sherar, Camilla J. Knight, Sean P. Cumming, Leah J. Ferguson, Kent C. Kowalski, M. Louise Humbert
Other than in female hockey, there were no maturational or size differences identified between selected and deselected female sport participants. One reason why we may not have found a maturity bias in female sports could be because of a lower competitive level of female sports (i.e. not as hard to get selected) or because males tend to be more competitive and motivated to win in a sports setting (Findlay and Bowker 2009; Deaner et al. 2016). Alternatively, the maturation-related physiological changes that occur in females (compared with males), such as increased relative fat mass, widening of hips and breast development (Siervogel et al. 2003; Sherar et al. 2011; Barbour-Tuck et al. 2018), may not be conducive to performance and as such, later maturing or younger females may be equally selected as earlier maturing or older females.
Prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities in Belgian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a transversal, descriptive study
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2018
Michel P. Hermans, Nicolas Dath
Overweight was considered in patients with a body mass index >27.5 kg/m2 in Caucasian, Middle Eastern and Turk patients and >25 kg/m2 in Asian and sub-Saharan African patients. The relative fat mass (ratio of adipose tissue to total body mass) was measured by tetrapodal bioimpedancemetry (OMRON BF 300 Body Fat Analyzer). Normal body fat ranges using the BF Analyzer were 17–23% (males) and 20–28% (females).