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Aedes Mosquitoes: The Universal Vector
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Annette Angel, Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
The male and the female adults can be easily distinguished from one another. Since only females require blood in their later stages, their proboscis is piercing and sucking type, which can penetrate into the skin to reach the blood vessels. The males feed on nectar throughout their life, so the proboscis brushes help them to brush off the pollen grains that stick to their mouth while feeding (Gutsevich, 1970). The female proboscis lies between the eyes, and below the antennae is a pair of maxillary palps, which are short in females and elongated in males. The proboscis is composed of upper labium and lower labella. The interior of the labium has six structures: a pair of maxilla, a pair of mandibles, the labrum, and the hypopharynx (Ribeiro and Ramos, 1999).
Cranial and Facial Defects
Published in Asim Kurjak, CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Anomalies of the nose are rarely diagnosed in utero. Proboscis is a trunk-like appendage usually associated with arhinia (absence of the nose). It is almost always associated with holoprosencephaly (Figures 20 and 21).33
Bites
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Not all flies have piercing–sucking mouthparts, but in those that do there is considerable variation. Mosquitoes have six stylets (two mandibles, two maxillae, the hypopharynx, and the labrum–epipharynx) ensheathed in an elongated, cylindrical labium. This combined structure forms the prominent proboscis of mosquitoes (Figure 4.3A, B and Figure 4.4). Upon biting, only the fascicle is inserted into the host’s skin; the labium folds up above the skin surface (Figure 4.3C).
Minimally invasive capillary blood sampling methods
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Michael S. F. Hoffman, James W. McKeage, Jiali Xu, Bryan P. Ruddy, Poul M. F. Nielsen, Andrew J. Taberner
There has been significant research effort recently to improve the ease and comfort of penetration, including the design of microneedles for blood extraction inspired by arthropods, especially mosquitoes. The proboscis of a mosquito consists of a central labrum that pierces into the skin and a surrounding labium that provides lateral support. The labrum is comprised of multiple elements that move individually at different phases, producing vibratory reciprocating motions which advance incrementally in the tissue [57,58]. Micro-actuators have been developed in order to mimic the penetration of a mosquito’s proboscis [59]. Fabrication of structures emulating the labrum and surrounding structures has been demonstrated [60]. Work remains to be done to reinforce the structures to avoid buckling when attempting to pierce human skin.
Multiple lacrimal drainage anomalies in proboscis lateralis
Published in Orbit, 2021
Nandini Bothra, Milind Naik, Mohammad Javed Ali
Proboscis lateralis (PL) is a very rare congenital anomaly with the incidence being less than 1:1,00,000 to 1:1,000,000 live births.1,2 This condition is characterized primarily with a nose-like tubular appendage which commonly arises from the medial canthal region, but can also arise from the lateral canthus, lateral supraorbital ridge, mid-upper eyelid, root of the nose, and chin.3 PL was divided into four groups by Khoo in 1985.4 Group 1 is PL with normal nose and is the least common. Group 2 is PL with ipsilateral deformed nose. Group 3 is PL with ipsilateral deformed nose with additional ocular and its adnexal deformities and is the most common. Group 4 consists of deformities in Group 3 with an addition of cleft lip or palate.4 Embryologically, many theories have been proposed to explain the development of PL. The two widely accepted theories are either imperfect fusion of the lateral nasal and maxillary processes or aberrant fusion of the maxillary process of the affected side to the medial nasal process (globular process).3 The lacrimal drainage anomalies in this condition, to the best of authors’ knowledge, have been described only once previously.5 The present report is a case of Group 4 PL in a 9-year-old girl with multiple lacrimal drainage anomalies in addition to the other anomalies. This report adheres to the Tenets of Declaration of Helsinki and the patient consent for publication of photographs has been obtained.
Experimental psychology meets behavioral ecology: what laboratory studies of learning polymorphisms mean for learning under natural conditions, and vice versa
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Brian H. Smith, Chelsea N. Cook
Once in the laboratory, bees can be restrained in harnesses so that they can freely move antennae and mouthparts (proboscis). One widely used conditioning procedure for restrained bees is called Proboscis Extension Response conditioning (Smith & Burden, 2014). PER in the laboratory allows for much more control of variables that are important for studying several different forms of nonassociative, associative and operant conditioning (Bitterman, Menzel, Fietz, & Schafer, 1983). In the basic procedure, an odor is presented in a predictive way with sugar reinforcement presented to the mouthparts. Pairing of the odor with sugar reinforcement generates an expectation of food whenever the odor is encountered. This expectation causes a bee to extend its proboscis in anticipation of, and in preparation for, reinforcement when it is presented. PER has been used to evaluate neural mechanisms of plasticity under more controlled conditions that allow for bioimaging (Deisig, Giurfa, Lachnit, & Sandoz, 2006; Galizia, Joerges, Kuttner, Faber, & Menzel, 1997; Locatelli, Fernandez, & Smith, 2016), electrophysiological recordings (Strube-Bloss, Herrera-Valdez, & Smith, 2012; Strube-Bloss, Nawrot, & Menzel, 2011), pharmacological (Hammer & Menzel, 1998; Stopfer, Bhagavan, Smith, & Laurent, 1997) and molecular (Farooqui, Robinson, Vaessin, & Smith, 2003; Fiala, Muller, & Menzel, 1999) manipulation of the nervous system.