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Thyroid and Parathyroid Pathology
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
MTC is a calcitonin-secreting malignant tumour arising from parafollicular/C cells. It can occur sporadically or in the context of a mutation of the RET proto-oncogene (seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia and familial MTC). Microscopically, tumours can be well demarcated or infiltrative and comprise solid sheets, nests, and trabecula of cells separated by fibrovascular septa. There is usually only modest nuclear pleomorphism, but necrosis may be a feature. Amyloid protein deposition is present in around 80% of cases.
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) often shows a relatively uniform population of round, small-to-medium-sized cells that have normal chromatic nuclei filling the distended lobules in a noncohesive pattern. Pleomorphism, mitosis, and necrosis are absent or rarely present. Intracellular mucin droplets, sometimes with signet ring nuclei, are observed. Immunohistochemically, LCIS lacks E-cadherin (due to genetic mutation) and β-catenin expressions but is positive for HMW keratin.
The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
It is not clear if all of phytochemicals brought together in the combinations of herbs used in TCM are necessary for synergistic, and thus uniquely effective, action. When presented with a combination of herbs with psychotherapeutic benefits, the Western-trained neuroscientist would likely determine which herb in the combination is most effective, and then extract and separate the phytochemicals to discover exactly which molecule in the herbal combination is specifically responsible for the antidepressant effect. The fact that so many patients with treatment-resistant MDD require a second augmenting medication should argue for combinations of herbs being useful and necessary. Similarly, the fact many therapeutically active molecules – the atypical antipsychotics come to mind – are pleomorphic and thus simultaneously active at many different receptor sites, further suggests that wide-ranging action of medication may be useful if not necessary for optimal effect.
Intraplacental Hepatic Heterotopia
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Saman S. Karimi, Steven Garzon
A 27-year-old (G3P0202) female with history of premature delivery, irregular menses, leiomyomata and current pregnancy complicated by anemia, had a spontaneous vaginal delivery, giving birth to a premature female infant (1,700 g, Apgar scores 8 and 9) at 31 + 5 weeks gestational age. The patient had no history of malignancies and social history was noncontributory. The placenta was sent to pathology, and gross examination revealed 248.0 grams, 15.2 cm × 13.8 cm × 2.1 cm placenta without gross nodules, lesion or areas of infarction. Microscopic examination was significant for a well-circumscribed, encapsulated lesion with associated thick-walled vessels and cohesive, monotonous, polygonal cells with pale to clear cytoplasm, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and arranged in a sheet-like pattern. Necrosis, pleomorphism and mitotic figures were not identified. The background chorionic villi showed a moderate increase in intervillous fibrin deposition and microscopic examination of the membranes showed persistent muscularization of the arterioles (Figure 1).
Conjunctival and Corneal Fibrous Histiocytoma: Brief review
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
The mainstay of diagnosis of these tumors besides the clinical picture is biopsy. The histopathological examination of the benign FH typically shows histiocytic and fibroblastic cells in a cartwheel or storiform arrangement. A mixture of inflammatory cells like foam cells, macrophages and siderophages may also be seen additionally. Features of malignant variety are presence of nuclear atypia and/or mitotic figures. The malignant variant typically shows significant pleomorphism.4 Immunostaining is another potential tool to substantiate the diagnosis. CD68, vimentin, smooth muscle actin and focal immunoreactivity for factor XIIIA are some of the available options for staining of these tumors. These tumors may show mild immunoreactivity for CD34 but lacks it for cytokeratins, the neural and melanocytic marker S-100, and the melanocytic marker HMB-45.4
Effects induced by a 50 Hz electromagnetic field and doxorubicin on Walker-256 carcinosarcoma growth and hepatic redox state in rats
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Valerii E. Orel, Mykhailo Krotevych, Olga Dasyukevich, Oleksandr Rykhalskyi, Liubov Syvak, Helena Tsvir, Dmytro Tsvir, Lyudmyla Garmanchuk, Valerii В. Orel, Iryna Sheina, Vladyslava Rybka, Nataliia V. Shults, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Sergiy G. Gychka
Histological changes in tumors obtained from Walker-256 carcinosarcoma-bearing animals are shown in Figure 6 and Table 2. In no-treatment group tumors had carcinomatous and sarcomatous components mostly with fibrotic tissue and interstitial edema (Figure 6a). However, numerous necrotic foci were present in animals treated with DOX. Tumors showed structural damage containing an epithelioid component and hyperchromic undifferentiated cells. Some tumors also underwent fibrotic changes within the extracellular matrix following DOX treatment (Figure 6b). After DOX + EMF treatment, animals demonstrated severe pleomorphism: many areas of necrosis, extracellular matrix and at least minor foci of apoptosis (Figure 6c). EMF treated animals had apoptosis occurring with the development of pseudo-granular structures and fibrotic tissue. Although irradiated tumors were composed predominately of the epithelioid component with eosinophilic content, they also showed small foci of central necrosis (Figure 6d) due to continued growth in the late phase (Casciato 2009; Schatten 1962). Texture analysis of tumor images revealed changes in structural heterogeneity after given treatments.