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Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
The motor fibers of the vagus nerve arise from the nucleus ambiguus, which receives bilateral supranuclear innervation. These fibers supply all striated muscles of the larynx and pharynx, except the stylopharyngeus (supplied by CN IX) and the tensor veli palatini (supplied by V3 division of CN V).2 Three motor branches arise from the vagus nerve: the pharyngeal nerve, the superior laryngeal nerve, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The pharyngeal nerve travels between the internal and external carotid arteries, forms the pharyngeal plexus with the glossopharyngeal nerve, and innervates muscles of the pharynx and palate. The superior laryngeal nerve takes off distal to the pharyngeal branch and descends lateral to the pharynx. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle. The third motor branch arising from the vagus nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves follow different courses: the right recurrent laryngeal nerve descends anterior to the right subclavian artery and turns posteriorly under the artery to ascend in the tracheoesophageal sulcus, whereas the nerve on the left turns posteriorly around the aortic arch and ascends in the same sulcus on the left. Both recurrent branches then enter the larynx and supply all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle (supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve).
Anatomy overview
Published in Stephanie Martin, Working with Voice Disorders, 2020
The vagus nerve, which arises from the nucleus ambiguus, divides into three branches, namely: the pharyngeal nerve branch, which supplies motor nerve fibres to the pharynx and all the muscles of the soft palate apart from the tensor veli palatini;the superior laryngeal nerve branch, which further divides into two parts: the internal laryngeal nerve branch which carries sensory information from the mucous membranes of the epiglottis and the interior of the larynx, and the external laryngeal nerve branch, a motor nerve to the cricothyroid muscle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle;the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch, which innervates all intrinsic muscles of the larynx apart from the cricothyroid muscle (see above).
Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
Neck Pharyngeal nerveSuperior laryngeal nerveRight recurrent laryngeal nerveSuperior cardiac plexus
Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2023
Sunggyu Yoon, Mingyu Shin, Jiwon Shim
The central brain area for processing feeding behaviors is the subesophageal zone (SEZ), which functions similarly to the brainstem in mammals (Ghysen, 2003; Kendroud et al., 2018). Pharyngeal nerves innervate the SEZ, and motor neurons relay information from the SEZ to pharyngeal nerves to drive the movement of mouthparts, called the proboscis, to control ingestion (Miyazaki & Ito, 2010). Specifically, motor neurons in the SEZ are separated and grouped depending on the response to sweet or bitter tastes: 36 motor neurons are activated by sweet chemicals, while bitter tastes trigger 32 motor neurons (Harris et al., 2015). In addition to neurons executing feeding behaviors, interneurons in the SEZ connect sensory inputs with motor outputs and fine-tune their connectome (Sterne et al., 2021). In summary, taste chemicals in food activate gustatory neurons in sensory organs, which consequently modulate feeding behaviors through muscle movements mediated by motor neurons from the SEZ.