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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
According to the nomenclature community on cell death (NCCD), apoptosis was termed as programmed cell death type 1, autophagy was termed as programmed cell death type 2. When a cell attains a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, then this phenomenon is called as senescence. Let us now discuss in detail about cell deaths according to their morphological appearance, biochemical feature, functional appearance, and immunological behavior. Advanced studies and research in the past decades had helped to classify further the death types according to their corresponding feature and appearance as mentioned above.
Disorders of Growth and Differentiation
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Only certain adult tissues, described as labile, show continuous cell proliferation. These include the skin, the epithelial lining of the gut and respiratory tract, the endometrium, bone marrow, germinal centres of secondary lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes and seminiferous tubules of the testis. These tissues are at particular risk of both cancer and radiation damage. Other adult tissues do not normally divide but will do so when stimulated by either physiological or pathological factors. Examples of such stable tissues are liver, kidney, endocrine glands and smooth muscle. Cells that show essentially no capacity to divide in adult life (permanent cell populations) include neurons, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle fibres. Cancers very rarely arise in permanent tissues, particularly in adults.
Dynamics of Immunoglobulin and T-cell Receptor Genes Recombinations During Lymphocyte Development
Published in Gérard Chaouat, The Immunology of the Fetus, 2020
Daniele Primi, Evelyne Jouvin-Marche, Raphael A. Clynes, Jean-Pierre Marolleau, Carine Gris, Kenneth B. Marcu, Pierre-André Cazenave
We attempted to establish permanent cell lines from the involved lymphatic organs of each animal. The majority of these lymphoid cells died within 48 h of culturing, but some began to proliferate within 24 h, eventually giving rise to permanent cell lines. Cell lines that could be permanently adapted in vitro have been designated as follows. The first letter(s) M or MR indicate whether the mouse was innoculated with IM or RIM viruses. The number is the animal number, and the last letter represents the lymphoid organ from which the cell line was established (S = spleen, T = thymus, Ln = Lymph node, and Bm = bone marrow). Unlike the other ten lines, M14T is of C.B20 origin. It was obtained by innoculating C.B20 splenic lymphocytes, which had been infected in vitro with IM virus, into 8- to 10-week-old BALB/c recipient. M14S2 was obtained from the enlarged spleen of a mouse after two sequential in vivo passages of M14T cells. Eleven established lines were obtained and screened by indirect immunofluorescence for the expression of a variety of cell surface markers (results summarized in Table 1). Each of these cell lines is strongly Thy-1 positive, BP1- (a pre-B-specific marker),24 Ig-, and all but one are also Lyt.2/L3T4-.
Virus-induced senescence: A therapeutic target to mitigate severe progression of SARS-COV-2
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Mani Iyer Prasanth, James Michael Brimson, Tewin Tencomnao
Cellular senescence is a process in which the cells cease to divide (but do not enter a cell death mechanism such as apoptosis (Figure 2)), entering a state of permanent cell cycle arrest and leading to senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix modifying factors. Interestingly, senescent cells are not only critical for maintaining good health by suppressing tumorigenesis, but also being associated with driving disease and poor health during aging [5]. Ageing and exposure to different infections (bacterial or viral) can induce a phenotype in immune cells that shares features with immunosenescence. The small fraction of viruses that evade the immune system, replicate and induce persistent or latent infections leading to host T-cell exhaustion. For instance, human immunodeficiency virus-specific T cells are exposed to viral antigens for longer, potentially causing increased T-cell exhaustion and immune senescence. Also, during chronic hepatitis C virus infection, exhausted T cells undergo senescence and show hallmarks of DNA damage [6].
Direct ionizing radiation and bystander effect in mouse mesenchymal stem cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Amanda Nogueira-Pedro, Helena Regina Comodo Segreto, Kathryn D. Held, Antonio Francisco Gentil Ferreira Junior, Carolina Carvalho Dias, Araceli Aparecida Hastreiter, Edson Naoto Makiyama, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Primavera Borelli, Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
Cell senescence is another way cells respond to injuries that affect DNA, involving ROS formation and DNA repair proteins capability among others, which can lead to permanent cell cycle arrest or replicative senescence to self-protect themselves from persistent DNA damage (Chen et al. 2007; Schmitt et al. 2007). Hence, it is of interest to evaluate if MSCs undergo senescence upon stimuli. Although some senescent cells were observed in response to radiation, the number of these cells was low in terms of absolute counts. Perhaps at longer times, the number of senescent MSCs would increase (this evaluation was 24 h after irradiation), but it is clear that senescence is not an early response and not strongly correlated to the G0/G1 arrest observed in MSCs.
Primary lung cancer cell culture from transthoracic needle biopsy samples
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2018
Angélica M. Herreño, María J. Fernández, Laura Rey, Juan A. Mejía, Alejandra Cañas, Olga M. Moreno, Berta Henríquez, Martín A. Montecino, Adriana P. Rojas
Generally, primary lung cancer cell culture retains morphological and biochemical characteristics of the tumors from which they were derived (Gazdar & Oie, 1986). Retention of these properties increases the relevance of using cell cultures as models for human lung cancer study. In recent decades, the overall use of in vitro permanent cell lines has led to great achievements, including elucidating the molecular and translational biology of cancer, and establishment of more effective drugs in lung cancer treatment (Gazdar, Gao, & Minna, 2010; Gazdar, Girard, Lockwood, Lam, & Minna, 2010). Currently, more than 9,000 citations, including several important biomedical findings, have resulted from use of these lines (Gazdar et al., 2010).