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Bites
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Sucking lice (order Phthiraptera, suborder Anoplura) do not have an elongated proboscis, but they do have piercing mouthparts that contain several recurved hooks that serve to anchor the mouthparts during feeding. There are no palps. Three stylets make up the fascicle in anoplurans; they are pushed into host tissues by muscular action in the act of biting. Two of the stylets represent the mandible and maxilla, and the other forms the tube functioning as a salivary duct. Salivary secretions are released into the wound, and the pharyngeal pump begins to draw blood into the digestive tract via the food duct.
Interstitial lung diseases
Published in Louis-Philippe Boulet, Applied Respiratory Pathophysiology, 2017
Dion Geneviève, Cormier Yvon, Boulet Louis-Philippe
Three forms of PALP are recognized: congenital, secondary, and acquired. The congenital form is likely related to mutations in the genes for surfactant or in the GM-CSF receptor. The clinical presentation arrives early, in the neonatal period. The acquired form is the most common and is associated with a high prevalence of anti-GM-CSF antibodies. The secondary form is associated with a high level of dust exposure (e.g., silica, aluminum, titanium, and indium-tin oxide), hematologic malignancies, and after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. It is likely related to a relative deficiency of GM-CSF.
The Anopheles vector
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
Mike W Service, Harold Townson
The adults (Figure 4.5) are the stages most frequently encountered and carry a number of morphological features useful in diagnosis (Figure 4.6). The head bears a pair of prominent compound eyes and a pair of filamentous, segmented antennae that are plumose in the males but sparsely feathered in the females. The antennae carry numerous sense organs, including receptors in females that are involved in host location. Antennae are also involved in sound detection and probably assist males in locating females. Situated one on each side of the forward-projecting proboscis is a pair of sensory structures, the palps, which are about as long as the proboscis in both sexes (see Figures 4.1 and 4.6). The palps are covered with appressed scales that give them a dark or black hue. In the female they are more or less of equal thickness throughout their length, whereas in the males they are distinctly swollen or clubbed apically (see Figure 4.1). The palps often have narrow to broad rings of pale and dark scales, giving an ornamentation characteristic of a particular species or group of species. In culicine mosquitoes, the palps of females are usually short or very short and in males, although about as long as the proboscis, they are not swollen apically. The palps also carry important sense organs used in host location in females. The mouthparts collectively form the proboscis, the largest component of which is the gutter-shaped labium, which bears a small pair of apical labella (Figure 4.7). The labium sheathes the other structures of the mouthparts (stylets). These comprise the paired and toothed mandibles, the paired and toothed maxillae and the single hollow hypopharynx (Figure 4.7), which conducts saliva from the salivary glands to the wound made in the skin when the female is feeding. The dorsal labrum closes the open side of the labium and forms an open-sided cylinder that carries the blood into the digestive system. When the mosquito bites in order to feed, all components of the proboscis, except the labium, penetrate the skin. The ingestion of blood up the labrum is achieved by contraction of a pair of muscular organs, the cibarial and pharyngeal pumps.
Could Aberrant Migration Explain Metachronous Germ Cell Tumors?
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Pierre Kubicek, Tanguy Fenouil, Julien Jacquemus, Olivia Chapuis, Aude Fléchon, Cécile Dumesnil, Cécile Faure-Conter
A man with a previous history of hypospadias and no family history of GCT presented at 13 years of age with a localized primary mediastinal pure seminoma that exhibited strong positivity for CD117 and PALP by IHC. Tumor markers were negative. After an initial biopsy, he received four courses of chemotherapy with EP (etoposide 100 mg/m2 and cisplatin 20 mg/m2 days 1 to 5) that resulted in substantial tumor regression. He received no further treatment. Three years later, he presented with diplopia and a headache, in association with a tumor located in the pineal gland associated and an elevated serum level of AFP (180 ng/ml). Two courses of PEI (etoposide 300 mg/m2 days 1 to 3, ifosfamide 1.5 g/m2 days 1 to 5, and cisplatin 20 mg/m2 days 1 to 5) as per the SIOP GCT96 protocol (4) were applied, which nonetheless resulted in progressive disease. Tumor resection was then performed. The histology revealed a mixed nonseminomatous GCT (with positive IHC staining for OCT3-4 and SALL4) with mature and immature teratoma, yolk sac (with positive staining for glypican 3), and embryonal carcinoma components (with positive IHC staining for CD30). Craniospinal irradiation was started, but the tumor progressed with leptomeningeal dissemination during the irradiation. Molecular profiling of the tumor revealed a CHEK2 biallelic inactivation and an MDM4 focal amplification. The patient is currently progressing after a phase-I trial treatment with olaparib and irinotecan (arm D of the E-smart clinical trial: NCT02813135).
Toxicity of nanoplastics during the embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona robusta (Phylum Chordata)
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Maria Concetta Eliso, Elisa Bergami, Loredana Manfra, Antonietta Spagnuolo, Ilaria Corsi
The results of the DCFDA assay in C. robusta embryos exposed to PS-NH2 (5-7.5–10-15 μg mL−1) are shown in Figure 6. A dose-dependent increase in fluorescence was observed with significant higher values at 10–15 µg mL−1, compared to controls. This data was further confirmed by a direct observation of exposed larvae under fluorescence microscope (Figure 7). C. robusta larvae exposed to 7.5 μg mL−1 PS-NH2 showed a fluorescent signal in the brain vesicle (Figure 7(B)), mostly around the ocellus which was absent in larvae from the control group (Figure 7(A)). Interestingly, the fluorescence signal expanded in almost all CNS of the larval trunk (brain vesicle and visceral ganglion) as well as in the palps of larvae exposed to 10 μg mL−1 (Figure 7(C)) and almost in the whole trunk, including the endoderm and the mesenchyme, at 15 μg mL−1 PS NPs treatment (Figure 7(D)). Notably, oxidative stress territories and phenotypic morphological alterations were both localized mostly at the level of trunk structures.
Detection of ingested nitromethane and reliable creatinine assessment using multiple common analytical methods
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Christine M. Murphy, John J. Devlin, Michael C. Beuhler, Paul Cheifetz, Susan Maynard, Michael D. Schwartz, Sherri Kacinko
The patient was conversant on presentation, but abruptly became unresponsive with a blood pressure of 140 mmHg/palp, heart rate 110 bpm, respiratory rate 3 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 70% on room air. The patient was oxygenated with bag-valve mask, received two mg of IV naloxone without effect, and intubated. Point-of-care glucose was 185 mg/dL. She developed tonic-clonic seizure activity and was treated with multiple doses of IV lorazepam. Initial laboratory data included: arterial blood gas pH 6.875; pCO2 19.1 mmHg; pO2 448 mmHg; bicarbonate 3.5 mmol/L; and lactate 12.93 mmol/L. An i-Stat® point-of-care basic metabolic profile demonstrated: sodium 131 mmol/L; potassium 3.5 mmol/L; chloride 98 mmol/L; ionized calcium 4.5 mg/dL (reference 4.5–5.3 mg/dL); bicarbonate 6 mmol/L; glucose 238 mg/dL; BUN 22 mg/dL; creatinine 1.9 mg/dL; and haemoglobin 19.0 g/dL. A urine pregnancy test was negative. The patient was transferred to a tertiary care centre for HD to correct her severe acidosis and concern for occult toxic alcohol ingestion. During transport, she had continuous seizures for which she received a total of 17 mg IV lorazepam and 150 mEq of sodium bicarbonate.