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The endocrine system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The parathyroid glands have an upper weight limit of 40–50 mg and contain two cell types, chief cells and oxyphil (oncocyte) cells. Fat is commonly also present (Figure 18.22). The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates serum calcium levels via effects on bone, the kidneys, and the gut. Secretion is controlled by levels of circulating calcium via a negative feedback loop.
The Molecular Genetics and Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Published in Anthony R. Mundy, John M. Fitzpatrick, David E. Neal, Nicholas J. R. George, The Scientific Basis of Urology, 2010
Maxine G. B. Tran, Tim O’Brien, Patrick H. Maxwell
Oncocytomas are thought to arise from the intercalated cells of the collecting duct (22). Histologically, the classic oncocyte consists of polygonal or round cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, arranged in nests or trabeculae separated by hypocellular, hyalinized stroma (Fig. 1B). By definition, areas of papillary or clear cell differentiation are not allowed. The nuclei appear smooth and round with evenly dispersed chromatin. There is a minimal degree of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity. Ultrastructurally the tumor cells are packed with mitochondria accounting for the eosinophilic appearance of the cells seen on light microscopy.
Xenografts on nude mouse diaphragm of human DU145 prostate carcinoma cells: mesothelium removal by outgrowths and angiogenesis
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Dr Jacques Gilloteaux, James M Jamison, Jack L Summers, Henryk S Taper
This human DU145 cell line originated from prostate tumor metastases from a 69-year-old male Caucasian patient. This metastatic cancer cell line has been maintained in vitro and grows independently from androgen promotion,47,48,50,52,53,60,61,71–75,88,92–97 they have been studied in vitro,47,49–51,53,71,75,89,94,98 in xenografts50–69,71,75,88 and organoids.89,90,95,96,98–100 Our laboratories have studied the DU145 cells in vitro 50,51,71,88 and in vivo implants.50,51,63,67,68,71,93 DU145 cells growth stimuli included insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as growth hormone 7,13,16,47,51,52,70,73,90,94,98,99 as well as other factors, also reviewed in.13–21,49,53,64,72,74,76,77 Although some androgen-independent tumors have androgen receptors, they do not process out of transcription the DHT stimuli.79,101 However, in our in vivo xenografts, the internal testosterone level of the male animal recipient would stimulate androgen receptors and secretion of proportional PSA of prostate outgrowth74,79–81 Insofar, the cell’s progeny developed xenic growths that can harbor at least two distinct phenotypes where the pleomorphic population contained a small population of stem cells, likely found in the previous observations.53,89,91,92,95,97,100,102–104 In addition to and out of this dichotomous aneuploid population, actively replicating cells emerged peculiar DU145 oncocyte cells.53,71 DU145 implanted cells displayed a more spherical morphology and reached about 1/3 to ½ larger diameter size than the flat mesothelial cells as repetitively examined with both SEM and TEM techniques in vitro [62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 84, 85,] and in implants68,69,75 where implanted DU145 cells disseminated far away from their injection site. Found on the peritoneum of several organs, including the diaphragm,53,63–69,75 other potential invasive sites such as the bone marrow femoral, tibial or vertebral bones did not show anomalies with magnifier glass. These bone marrows were analyzed, due to our restricted funding. However, our Du145 cells were not injected in the bone tissue, contrarily to others.78 On the diaphragm surfaces, we were able, with the SEM, to image the smallest cliques of ascites-like cells as ‘pioneer’s ones’ into more organized carcinomatous blobs or, by place, quasi-adenocarcinomas. These latter were found in other similar largest athymic implants, but now described with higher magnifications.67,68,75 The cancer tissue included a main coarsely compacted cell population that invaded the surface epithelium and, later, went into the endomysium of the musculature and constituted aggregated basophilic cancer cells, abundant with ribonucleoproteins and aggressive because endowed with fast replication 51,67,68 as supported by an abundant literature.76,80–87,105,106