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Principles of neuromotor development
Published in Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman, The Infant Motor Profile, 2021
Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kirsten R. Heineman
Brain development also involves the creation of glial cells. Glial cell production occurs in the second half of gestation in particular. Part of the glial cells (i.e., the oligodendrocytes) take care of axonal myelination. Oligodendrocyte development peaks between 28 and 40 weeks PMA (Volpe 2009a). Myelination is prominently present in the third trimester of gestation and the first six months postnatally (Yakovlev and Lecours 1967, Haynes et al. 2005). However, myelination is a long-lasting process that is first completed around the age of 40 years (De Graaf-Peters and Hadders-Algra 2006).
Assessing Paediatric Development in Psychiatry
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The myelination of neurones improves conduction velocity, allowing sensory or receptor neurones that carry information from the periphery towards the central nervous system, i.e. afferent neurones, to produce an appropriate and timely reaction in the motor or body systems via efferent neurones. For example, a stimulus caused by stepping on a sharp object carries the signal to the brain and is felt as pain. This results in efferent neurones stimulating the relevant muscles that retract the foot away from the offending object.
A mindfulness relationship-based model to support maternal mental health and the mother-baby relationship in pregnancy and beyond birth
Published in Antonella Sansone, Cultivating Mindfulness to Raise Children Who Thrive, 2020
When there is attunement between two people, creating a sense of safety, Porges (1998) proposes that activation of the myelinated vagus nerve occurs with the softening of facial muscles, relaxation in vocal tone, and opening of the perceptual system to receive input from outside. I assume this state of psychophysiological attunement can be nurtured between mother and prenate (and between mother and father!) to prepare for postnatal bonding. Porges proposes that myelination creates more rapid neural signals transfer, thus more learning, and with the neuroception of safety, the vagus nerve supports the individual becoming open, receptive and approaching others. Myelination is the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly. This process of neuroception of safety involves both the mother’s and the infant’s social engagement system and is bidirectional. Porges proposes a social engagement system that “provides a system for voluntary engagement with the environment with special features associated with the prosocial behaviours of communication” (1998, p. 850). The activation of this vagal system may involve the release of the pleasure/love hormone oxytocin and its distribution throughout the body with sensations of positive states associated with physical touching and proximity. In a mother-baby dyad, this corresponds to emotional availability and mutual engagement, indicators of responsiveness and attunement.
Morphological study of the postnatal hippocampal development in the TRPV1 knockout mice
Published in Temperature, 2023
Melinda Boros, Noémi Sóki, Abigél Molnár, Hajnalka Ábrahám
While most of the hippocampal neurons reveal rapid pre- and postnatal neurochemical and morphological development and have adult-like morphology in the first postnatal week, certain interneuron types have long-lasting neurochemical development, such as the fast-spiking parvalbumin (PV)-containing axo-somatic and axo-axonic interneurons. These neurons start to express parvalbumin only at the end of the first postnatal week in the rodent hippocampal formation, and PV-immunoreactivity reaches an adult like pattern not before the third week of age [42,43]. Myelination is the last step of neuronal development and occurs after neurons were formed and established synaptic connections with their target cells. Myelination starts in the cerebral cortex including the corpus callosum at the postnatal day 3, when the first oligodendroglial cells are visible based on the presence of myelin-basic protein (MBP) that is expressed in the cells before the formation of myelin sheaths [44–47; 48]. In the hippocampus the first myelinated axons appear in the second half of first postnatal week and myelination lasts until the first months [49].
Radiation-induced neuropathological changes in the oligodendrocyte lineage with relevant clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Finally, oligodendrocytes are involved in regulating neural network behavior. Adult-born oligodendrocytes have been observed to participate in the formation of new myelin sheaths. Exposure to different life experiences in adulthood have been correlated to alterations in myelination. For instance, social isolation resulted in impaired myelination in the prefrontal cortex of adult mice (Liu et al. 2012) while living in a highly enriched environment boosted myelination in the corpus callosum of adult rats (Zhao et al. 2012). Changes in the structure and distribution of myelin sheaths along axons result in alterations of conduction velocity and capacitance of the axons, while activity of firing neurons also induces changes in myelin sheath formation. Therefore, there may be extensive communication and feedback between oligodendrocytes and the neural network that contributes to myelin and neuronal plasticity (de Hoz and Simons 2015).
14-3-3 proteins at the crossroads of neurodevelopment and schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
André S. L. M. Antunes, Verônica M. Saia-Cereda, Fernanda Crunfli, Daniel Martins-de-Souza
The development of neuroleptic drugs has undoubtedly transformed not only the treatment of schizophrenia, resulting in an amelioration of the positive symptoms for many patients but also the understanding of the disease mechanisms. However, the focus on the medication instead of the illness has limited the progress in our understanding of the aetiology of the disease. Lately, the field has seen a shift from the neurochemical paradigm to an ever-increasing recognition of the neurodevelopmental aspect of the disorder. Schizophrenia is now hypothesised to manifest as the result of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors that impact early brain development and the formation of adequate connectivity between brain circuits (Weinberger and Levitt 2011; Duchatel et al. 2019). It is now accepted that neurodevelopmental processes in humans are not restricted to the prenatal and early postnatal period. For instance, prefrontal cortex maturation extends beyond adolescence (Teffer and Semendeferi 2012) and brain myelination progresses from birth into early adulthood in a spatiotemporal manner (Paus et al. 2001; Williamson and Lyons 2018). The prefrontal cortex and the process of brain myelination have both been implicated with the pathology of schizophrenia (Gouvêa-Junqueira et al. 2020; Chini and Hanganu-Opatz 2021), yet, to date, studies of neurodevelopmental aspects and their risk of schizophrenia have mostly focussed on the prenatal and early postnatal years.