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Pain
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Jarred Williams, Katie Seabaugh, Molly Shepard, Dana Peroni
Dynamic mobilization exercises (DME) have been found to increase diameter of the multifidus muscle in horses. Atrophy of this multifidus muscle occurs in horses with thoracolumbar pain, especially associated with spinous impingement and facet joint osteoarthritis.A common DME is a baited stretch or “carrot stretch”. “Carrot stretch” can be performed by asking the horse to extend its neck (Figure 12.24), flex its neck (“chin between carpi,” Figure 12.25), and bend laterally (“chin to girth,” Figure 12.26, and “chin to flank,” Figure 12.27).
Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
Multifidus is one of the muscles that comprises the transversospinalis muscular group. It is comprised of bundles that lie in the grooves between the spinous processes and transverse processes along the entire vertebral column (Standring 2016). Each bundle extends between the lateral aspect of a vertebral spinous process and the transverse parts of the vertebrae two, four, and five segments below (Standring 2016). Multifidus thus has attachments to the articular processes of the last four cervical vertebrae, to the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, to the mamillary processes of the lumbar vertebrae, to the dorsal surface of the sacrum as far as the fourth sacral foramen, and to the dorsal aspect of the iliac crest (Standring 2016; Rickenbacher et al. 1985).
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The deep muscles of the back as a whole extend the trunk (Figure 24). This group includes the erector spinae, the splenius, semispinalis, multifidus, interspinales, and intertransversarii. These deep spinal muscles are also involved in stabilizing the trunk, particularly multifidus, which works in conjunction with the transverse abdominals to stabilize the lumbar region (see Hot Topic 4).
An exploration of clinical reasoning and practices used by physiotherapists in the rehabilitation of horses following interspinous ligament desmotomy surgery
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Overriding dorsal spinous processes (ORDSP) is recognised as one cause of thoracolumbar pain and has been reported to be the most common bone pathology of the thoracolumbar vertebrae (Clayton and Stubbs, 2016). The prevalence among horses with back pain is reported at 68% (Turner, 2011). Interspinous Ligament Desmotomy Surgery (ISLD), as described by Coomer, McKane, Smith, and Vandeweerd (2012) is one surgical treatment option. This involves cutting the interspinous ligaments between the affected processes. Following surgery a rehabilitation program is often commenced. The aims of this program are to resolve spasm of epaxial muscles, increase activity of muscles such as multifidus which stabilise the spine and to improve both movement of the spine and core strength (Coomer, McKane, Smith, and Vandeweerd, 2012). This is carried out alongside a progressive exercise plan that follows a period of restricted exercise. Anecdotally, physiotherapists are frequently involved in the post-surgery rehabilitation, however, little is known of their practice in this rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to explore the CR and practices of physiotherapists in the rehabilitation of horses following ISLD.
Asymmetric atrophy of the multifidus in persons with hemiplegic presentation post-stroke
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2021
Wookyung Park, Jongwook Kim, MinYoung Kim, Kyunghoon Min
However, with a longer duration of disability, atrophy of the multifidus on the weak side at the lower lumbar level became apparent in this study. The multifidus is one of the trunk core muscles that activate anticipatory postural adjustment.33 We considered that the asymmetric muscle size may be due to the fact that axial muscles are also affected by other motor outputs with more laterality than the reticulospinal system.34 After a stroke, the trunk strength on the more-affected side is more prominently impaired. In persons with hemiplegic presentation, muscle mass atrophy in the weak arm or leg becomes evident after 6 months.12 In patients with unilateral stroke, the trunk muscles also show reduced activation.35 Decreased neural input could be one of the various reasons for skeletal muscle atrophy.36 Morphological changes to skeletal muscles may take a longer time to emerge in the trunk than in the limb.
Use of trunk muscle training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation to reduce pain and disability in an older adult with chronic low back pain: A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2019
Jenifer M. Pugliese, J. Megan Sions, Teonette O. Velasco, Gregory E. Hicks
Ultrasound measurements of the cross-sectional areas of the bilateral multifidi and longissimi were taken with a MyLab 25 portable ultrasonography unit (Esaote North America Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA) in brightness mode, at 6.6 MHz, using the tissue-enhancement imaging feature, which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio and improves resolution. Gain was adjusted for each image to optimize fascial lines (Sions, Teyhen, and Hicks, 2017). Test–retest reliability for ultrasound imaging cross-sectional assessment of the trunk muscles, specifically the multifidus, has been reported to be good-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs = 0.84–0.91)) (Cuellar et al, 2017). The validity for using ultrasound imaging to assess posterior trunk muscle cross-sectional area as compared to magnetic resonance imaging has been previously established for older adults with chronic LBP (Sions, Teyhen, and Hicks, 2017). Using MyLab software, the examiner traced just inside the fascial boundary of the multifidus and longissimus together, due to an inability to differentiate the fascial lines between the multifidi and longissimi in this patient. Right-to-left asymmetry, or side-to-side difference, was calculated as the absolute value of the percent difference between sides and was 13% for this patient. Normal multifidi side-to-side asymmetry has been reported to be <10% in younger adults; asymmetry exceeding 10% may indicate abnormalities (Hides, Gilmore, Stanton, and Bohlscheid, 2008).