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Central Connections of the Nuclei of the Vagus Nerve
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
R.A. Leslie, D.J.M. Reynolds, I.N.C. Lawes
With the advent of new tracing technologies, our current understanding of the organization of the vagus nerve connections with central nervous structures has progressed a long way in the last few years. An initial flurry of research activity yielded a large amount of fresh information in a relatively short time. The limitations of the new techniques as they were applied to the very small, anatomically related brain nuclei discussed here, however, soon became apparent. Some current advances in tracing techniques and data analysis are beginning to provide more detailed anatomical information about the connectivity of these structures. For example, lectin- and cholera toxin-conjugated HRP, Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biocytin may exhibit more limited spread than previously used tracers and provide better visualization of labeled subcellular elements. Also, progress in computer-aided image analysis and morphometry will help to refine these techniques and provide more detailed hodological information. Finally, double-labeling studies using axonal transport, along with immunohistochemical identification of endogenous neurochemicals at the light or electron microscopic levels are time-consuming but powerful ways of approaching the problem.
Experimental Pulmonary Microsurgery
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
To obtain reproducible conditions at the end of the surgery, it is advisable to inflate the lungs carefully before closing the chest wall. This is particularly important in experimental designs involving morphometric analyses performed soon after surgery.
Peripheral Nerve Microcirculation
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Using cross-sections of nerves to determine vascular morphometry is a painstaking method, but computer software making this task easier is becoming more readily available and can provide three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections. Consideration of fixation artifacts are important in precise morphometry.
99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT and histopathological features of oncocytic renal neoplasia
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
Antonios Tzortzakakis, Thomas Papathomas, Ove Gustafsson, Stefan Gabrielson, Kiril Trpkov, Linnea Ekström-Ehn, Alexandros Arvanitis, Maria Holstensson, Mattias Karlsson, Georgia Kokaraki, Rimma Axelsson
Immunohistochemistry plays a major role in renal tumour diagnostics due to its widespread availability; a panel comprising cytokeratin 7 (CK7)/carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)/alpha-methyl acyl-CoA racemase (AMACR)/KIT (CD117) may be used for screening [33]. Other emerging markers such as FOXI1, RHCG, and LINC01187 that appear lineage-specific for renal epithelial neoplasms arising from intercalated cells in the distal nephron segment, may also play a role in the future [34]. Nevertheless, immunohistochemistry limitations are well known in routine practice, and slight differences in the immunohistochemical profiles have also been identified among HOCT subtypes (i.e. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, renal oncocytosis/oncocytomatosis and sporadic tumours) [35]. Other approaches to potentially identify unique oncocytic tumour-specific features include (i) whole scale approach of computer-assisted morphometry [36], (ii) molecular genetic approaches, including gene expression, microRNA, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), array comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH) profiling analyses [37,38] as well as the recently proposed oncocytic nine gene classifier by McGillivray et al. [39] and (iii) an in-situ metabolomic approach [40].
Preventive effect of agomelatine in lipopolysaccharide-induced pancreatic pathology
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
After histopathological examination, serial sections of pancreas samples were immunostained with active caspase-8 (cas-8) (anti-caspase-8 (ab25901)), haptoglobulin (anti-haptoglobin (Hp) antibody (ab135835)), interleukin-4 (anti-IL4 antibody, (ab6922)), interleukin-10 (anti-IL10 antibody, (ab34843)), and sirtuin-1 (anti-SIRT1 antibody (E104) ab32441)) for protein expression by using the streptavidin biotin technique according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All primary sera and secondary antibodies used in this study were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The EXPOSE Mouse and Rabbit Specific HRP/DAB Detection IHC kit (ab80436) was used as the secondary antibody and diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen. For negative controls, the primary antiserum step was omitted. All examinations were performed by a pathologist who was blinded to group assignments. The percentage of positively immunostained cells for each marker was counted in 10 different fields for every section under ×40 objective magnification for all groups. The results obtained from the image analyzer were subjected to statistical analysis. Morphometric analyses were performed using the Database Manual Cell Sens Life Science Imaging Software System (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan).
Test-retest validation of a cranial deformity index in unilateral coronal craniosynostosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Emilie Robertson, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, Daniel Aalto
The use of age and sex-matched CT scans as the control group also adheres to the user-friendliness and accessibility criteria outlined for the proposed workflow. More surgeons are likely to have access to a database containing normative skull as opposed to more sophisticated tools like statistical shape models, for example. The reliance on specific multi-atlas’ is a recognized limitation of highly sophisticated quantification methods (Mendoza et al. 2014). Processes that can be carried out without the need for outsourcing or consultation are advantageous from a time and cost perspective. In addition, a user-friendly and inexpensive method to assess reconstruction outcomes may increase clinician productivity in this field. Methods of morphometric quantification that require expert consultation or proprietary software may be a barrier to their regular use. In addition, the cost of using advanced technology is a recognized deterrent (Seruya et al. 2013; Fisher et al. 2016; Martelli et al. 2016; Barbero-García et al. 2017). As methods like statistical shape modelling become more commonplace in the clinical environment, this could replace the use of age and sex-matched CT scans for a more precise workflow.