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Role of Process Standardisation in Development of Natural Products
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Arunporn Etherat, Romanee Sanguandeekul, Panadda Nontahnum, Pimpinan Somsong, George Srzednicki
This chapter describes three examples of bioactive compounds that are of importance in functional foods. The first group of compounds is found in honey and bee products. It includes substances found in plants and also those produced by bees such as propolis and royal jelly. They show antimicrobial properties, are anti-inflammatory agents and can inhibit enzymatic browning. The second group is lutein, a plant pigment that is a naturally occurring carotenoid and is found mostly in dark, leafy vegetables and selected fruits. Lutein is the major carotenoid pigment accumulated in the human macula lutea, the area responsible for high-resolution vision. The third group comprises antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and fruit colourants (anthocyanins and carotenoids). Their sources are mainly edible berries.
Specific Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Macula-1 (B&K, p. 295) Macula lutea (ibid.)See, also, NS: Macula-1.
Head, neck and vertebral column
Published in David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings, McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings
Retina - the innermost layer, it contains the rods and cones, which are the light receptors. At the posterior pole of the eye is a particularly sensitive part of the retina, the macula lutea, where the clarity and sharpness of vision (visual acuity) are greatest.
Evaluating the blue-light hazard from solid state lighting
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
John D. Bullough, Andrew Bierman, Mark S. Rea
The crystalline lens itself is not a static filter throughout a human’s lifetime. It is estimated that the transmittance of the lens at 450 nm, near the maximum sensitivity for the blue-light hazard, for a 70-year-old individual is 25% that for an individual younger than 30 years of age. In comparison, the transmittance at 700 nm for a 70-year-old is more than 90% that for an individual younger than 30 years [40]. This selective decrease in short-wavelength transmittance is actually beneficial for older individuals regarding the potential for blue-light hazard damage [41]. Another optical filtering mechanism in the eye is the yellow pigment embedded within the macula lutea, which selectively absorbs short-wavelength light reaching the fovea and para-fovea. Arguably, the central retina is the most important area of the retina to protect against the blue-light hazard. High visual acuity depends upon the fovea where cone photoreceptors are most densely packed and a disproportionately large area of the visual cortex is devoted to the fovea [42], enabling us to read and to evaluate different objects in the visual environment. It is estimated [36] that the macula lutea doubles the threshold for damage caused by the blue-light hazard relative to peripheral portions of the retina. There have been concerns expressed [43] that long-term exposure of the macula lutea to short-wavelength light can increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
The protective role of lutein on isoproterenol-induced cardiac failure rat model through improving cardiac morphology, antioxidant status via positively regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Bo Ouyang, Zili Li, Xiongying Ji, Jiangwei Huang, Hengsheng Zhang, Changrong Jiang
Lutein (LU) is a major xanthophyll pigment (carotenoid-C40 H56 O2) commonly present in eggs, dark green or yellow-coloured vegetables and fruits such as kale, spinach, carrot, celery, kiwi, marigold, avocado and broccoli (Nwachukwu et al. 2016). LU is highly recommended for ocular health (functional food) as it accumulates in macula lutea and protects the retina from oxidative damage (Richer et al. 2007). LU possesses numerous pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anticancer (Wu et al. 2015; Nwachukwu et al. 2016; Hwang et al. 2018) as well as neuroprotective, renoprotective, osteoprotective and hepatoprotective activities (Li et al. 2015b; Qiao et al. 2018). Previously, astaxanthin, a red-pigmented carotenoid (similar structure as LU except for keto group) has been reported to display cardioprotective activity against ISO-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model (Hussein 2015). Moreover, a commercial antioxidant mix (VitaePro) rich in LU, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin is reported to protect myocardium in a rat ex vivo ischaemic/reperfusion injury model (Adluri et al. 2013).
Investigation of ocular involvement in patients with Fabry disease
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Yuan Wu, Wenbo Zhang, Xuyang Yao, Wenjing Song, Yawen Zhao, Yun Yuan, Wei Zhang
Medical histories were collected for all patients. Complete ophthalmic examinations were then performed, comprising visual acuity assessment, intraocular pressure measurement, anterior segment slit-lamp examination, colour fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Intraocular pressure was measured with a non-contact tonometer (CT800, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan). Undilated digital fundus photographs were collected using a 45° digital retinal camera (CR-2, Canon, Tokyo, Japan). A retinal image of each eye was obtained, with images centred at the fovea. Branching vessels within the macula lutea region were evaluated. The distribution of retinal vascular tortuosity was also recorded.