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Growth of the Cranial Base HHiH
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
Cleall et al. (1968) reported findings of surface apposition and resorption in vitally stained rats much the same as those of Vilmann, but they found equal increments at each face of the bipolar sychondroses (their animals were somewhat older: from 4 weeks at first injection to about 14 weeks at sacrifice). The detailed descriptions of Baer et al. (1983) again tally, on the whole, with those of Vilmann. There are different degrees and extents of surface change, depending on the age of the animal. Their observations highlight one problem — the recording of growth changes from only one plane of section, here (in Vilmann, above) midsagittal or parasagittal. For example, if the basioccipital is sectioned at or near the midline, the ectocranial surface is depository. But sections further from the midline, as shown by Baer et al. (1983), reveal a resorbing surface to the side of what is, after all, only a midline crest which spreads out posteriorly into a pre-foraminal triangular area of accretion, while the resorbing fossae (for longus capitis muscles) are paramedian.
Anterolateral approach for subaxial vertebral artery decompression in the treatment of rotational occlusion syndrome: results of a personal series and technical note
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Sabino Luzzi, Cristian Gragnaniello, Alice Giotta Lucifero, Stefano Marasco, Yasmeen Elsawaf, Mattia Del Maestro, Samer K. Elbabaa, Renato Galzio
The sympathetic chain is formed by a set of cervical ganglia and small fibers, also referred as sympathetic trunk. Although the sympathetic chain has an anatomical variability [58], most commonly is formed by a superior, middle, and inferior ganglion, as well as a stellate and vertebral ganglions. Superior, middle, and inferior ganglion are located at the level of the third, fifth and seventh cervical vertebra, respectively, whereas stellate and vertebral ganglia are related to the seventh cervical or first thoracic vertebra. Non infrequently, inferior cervical and stellate ganglion are fused [58]. The course of the sympathetic chain is oblique upward and laterally, under the prevertebral fascia. Its major axis forms an angle with the midline ranging between 10 and 11.5 degrees, and the distance of the inferior and superior ganglion from the medial border of the longus colli muscle measures 12.4 mm and 17.2 mm, respectively, on average [59,60]. The superior cervical ganglion is located above the longus capitis muscle and, at the level of C4/C5 disc, the sympathetic trunk crosses the line between the longus colli and longus capitis muscle.
Transient anisocoria after a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Paul Overdorf, Gary J. Farkas, Natasha Romanoski
The sympathetic innervation to the eye is from the superior cervical ganglion (Fig. 1). The superior cervical ganglion lies anterior to the transverse processes of the second and third cervical vertebra. Anterior to the ganglion lies the carotid sheath with the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve, while the longus capitis muscle is found posterior to the ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are distributed onto the internal carotid artery and help to form the internal carotid nerve plexus, which ascends on the internal carotid artery into the carotid canal to enter the cranial cavity (Fig. 1).11 Once in the cranial cavity, postganglionic fibers from the internal carotid nerve plexus travel on the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, while other fibers continue from the internal carotid nerve plexus as the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion.12 The sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion traverses the ciliary ganglion without synapsing (Fig. 1). These nerves then travel on the short ciliary nerves of the ciliary ganglion to the eye where they innervate the dilator pupillae muscle. Some of these postganglionic sympathetic fibers also travel on the long ciliary nerve, a nerve branch of the nasociliary nerve, to reach the eye (Fig. 1). Sympathetic activation of the dilator pupillae muscle dilates the pupil.11,12