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A Protective Role for Vagal Afferents: An Hypothesis
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
One of the most intriguing phylogenetic mysteries is the link between the vagus, the transducer for orientation and for detection of oscillations in the surrounding medium, and nausea and vomiting. In fish, both orientation within the environment and the detection of objects by the vibrations they generate, are transduced by the lateral line system, which is innervated by facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. In terrestrial vertebrates, both functions are the province of the membranous labyrinth, which is innervated by the vestibulocochlear nerve, but the three lateral line nerves (facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal) retain an innervation of the structures surrounding the labyrinth, namely the outer and middle ears. That emesis and an increase in gastric capacity can be evoked by stimulation of the ears of feasting Romans and overindulging aldermen has passed into legend, indicating that vagal aural receptors induce vomiting. At the same time, abnormal stimulation of the labyrinth is a strong stimulus for nausea and vomiting, as any nautical tyro will testify. It has been suggested that the brain uses mismatch between vestibular and visual input to detect poisoning,113 and removal of the labyrinths impairs the effectiveness of some emetic agents.91 Furthermore, it has been shown that vestibular stimulation evokes a vagal response.4 Apart from aural vagal receptors, cardiac vagal receptors are also able to induce gastric relaxation and vomiting.3
Profile of Toxic Pufferfish
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Description: In this species, longitudinal skin fold is extending on the ventrolateral corner of the body from the chin to the ventral part of the caudal peduncle. Lateral line system comprises ventral and lateral elements, the ventral element coursing along the skin fold and the lateral element extending along the mid-lateral side of the body from the region dorsal to the gill opening to the caudal-fin base with the anterior extension coursing from ventral to the eye to the snout region. There are two openings in the nasal organ and are broad. Ventral surface of the head and belly are covered with spinules, extending just posterior to the lower jaw to slightly before the anus. Spinules on the back are forming a rhomboidal or elliptical patch. Caudal fin is slightly lunate and the middle rays are slightly produced posteriorly. Dorsal and ventral tips of the caudal fin are produced posteriorly. Dorsal side of the body is brown with several dark bands crossing over the back. First band is between the eyes; second is above the gill opening; third is above the posterior part of the pectoral fin; and fourth is encircling the dorsal-fin base. A couple of small dark markings is seen on the dorsal side of the caudal peduncle. A silver-white band is running on the side of the body. Dorsal fin is dusky. Caudal fin is dark brown or almost black with the dorsal and ventral white tips. Pectoral and anal fins are pale. It has a maximum total length of 26 cm.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A final curiosity to note is that the EVOLUTION of the auditory and vestibular systems has been easier to track than that of other sensory systems because the receptors are encased in, and made of, bone, which fossilizes, unlike soft tissue (in the eye for example). The vestibular and auditory systems appear to have evolved from the lateral line system of fish and amphibia (a mechanism for detecting movement of water) and from the swim bladder (a mechanism that fish have to aid balance); see Rosenzweig et al., 1996 for a discussion of this point.
Physiotherapeutic assessment and management of overactive bladder syndrome: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Bartlomiej Burzynski, Tomasz Jurys, Karolina Kwiatkowska, Katarzyna Cempa, Andrzej Paradysz
Thereafter, tension of the superficial back line myofascial meridian and the lateral line myofascial meridian in supine position was assessed. In order to evaluate the superficial back line myofascial meridian, the physiotherapist raised the patient’s straightened leg with simultaneous dorsiflexion of the ankle. The leg was raised until resistance was encountered, signaled by a sensation of pulling along the course of the superficial back line myofascia indicated by the patient or by apparent compensation in the form of knee flexion (Myers, 2020). In addition, the patient was asked to report any pain and define its intensity on the NRS. Along the course of the superficial back line myofascia, the patient reported pain symptoms on the left side at 6/10 and on the right side at 8/10. Examination of the lateral line myofascial meridian was performed in the same position. The physiotherapist raised the patient’s straightened leg with simultaneous dorsiflexion of the ankle and abducted hip joint. The leg was abducted until resistance was encountered, signaled by a sensation of pulling along the course of the lateral line myofascial meridian indicated by the patient or by apparent compensation in the form of knee flexion (Myers, 2020). Along the course of the lateral line myofascial meridian, the patient reported pain on the left side at 7/10 and on the right side at 9/10. Examination showed the functional shortening of the muscles of the superficial back and lateral line myofascial meridians, which affects the position of the pelvis and the function of the abdominal wall, and thus the muscles of the pelvic floor.
A new active peptide from Neptunea arthritica cumingii exerts protective effects against gentamicin-induced sensory-hair cell injury in zebrafish
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Shanshan Zhang, Yan Gao, Qiuxia He, Yun Zhang, Liwen Han, Meng Jin, Tong Liu, Kechun Liu, Chen Sun
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model vertebrate widely used in scientific research. It is characterized by a mechanosensory lateral line system (Raible and Kruse 2000) consisting of neuromasts comprising many sensory-hair cells and adjacent supporting cells (Chiu et al. 2008, Song et al. 2014). In larval zebrafish, these sensory-hair cells become relatively mature within 5 days post-fertilization (dpf); at this stage of development, the sensory-hair cells show mitochondria, stereocilia with rootlets, intact synapses, and a dense metabolically-active cytoplasm (Murakmi et al. 2003, Coffin et al. 2013, Santos et al.2006). The sensory-hair cells in the mechanosensory lateral line system of zebrafish share a structural and functional similarity with human inner-ear hair cells, and respond similarly to aminoglycoside hair-cell toxins (Chiu et al. 2008, Oh et al. 2017). Furthermore, these sensory-hair cells contain mechanotransduction (MET) channels that rapidly open in response to vibrations, and can be selectively labeled by FM1-43 (Gale et al.2001, Wu et al. 2015). Therefore, the sensory-hair cells of the neuromasts in the mechanosensory lateral line system of zebrafish may be useful for studying ototoxicity after exposure to gentamicin.
Understanding neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic stress in zebrafish
Published in Stress, 2021
Konstantin A. Demin, Alexander S. Taranov, Nikita P. Ilyin, Anton M. Lakstygal, Andrey D. Volgin, Murilo S. de Abreu, Tatyana Strekalova, Allan V. Kalueff
In addition to anxiety (caused by anticipation of danger, Table 2), stress also elicits human or animal fear – a rapid response to immediate danger, that is transitory and dissipates when the danger passes (Davis, Walker, Miles, & Grillon, 2010). Conceptually, large-scale behavioral screening may help differentiate fear- vs. anxiety-like stress-induced states in zebrafish (Jesuthasan, 2012). For example, larval zebrafish sense the movement of water generated by the predator (via the lateral line) and display escape behaviors (McHenry, Feitl, Strother, & Van Trump, 2009). A fear-like escape response can also be reliably elicited in adult zebrafish by alarm pheromone (excreted by the skin of injured conspecifics, Figure 1) (Jesuthasan & Mathuru, 2008; Speedie & Gerlai, 2008), the electric shock (Kenney, Scott, Josselyn, & Frankland, 2017), or exposure to an animated (moving) bird silhouette (Luca & Gerlai, 2012).