China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Radiation Damage of Other Organ Systems
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
The main features of radiation nephritis are an early hyperemia and increased capillary permeability, which result in interstitial edema. Endothelial cells of the fine vasculature show degeneration and necrotic changes, followed by a rapid proliferation, which eventually may block the lumen of the vessels. The kidney cortex becomes pale, probably due to the blockage of the afferent glomerular arterioles.
Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Functions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The adult human kidney contains 0.8–1.5 million nephrons, each of which constitute the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Figure 7.2 shows the structure of a single nephron. A nephron is composed of a corpuscle, located in the kidney cortex, which specializes in filtration, and a long tubule, which winds through the medulla and specializes in reabsorption and secretion. The corpuscle is the initial filtration unit of the nephron and is composed of a capillary tuft, the glomerulus, which is enclosed within the Bowman’s capsule. The glomerulus receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole with a wider diameter than the efferent artery. This narrowing facilitates the generation of hydrostatic pressure as a driving force for efficient filtration of the blood. Podocytes within the Bowman’s capsule wrap around the capillaries and carry out the filtration process. The filtrate then moves into the tubule, where it is further processed by sequential reabsorption and secretion steps along the length of tubule, as described below.
Urinary Tract
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology: Volume II, 2019
The kidney cortex becomes pale. Microangiographs can demonstrate the blocks in the afferent glomerular arterioles dramatically in terms of the reduction in the number of glomeruli filled with the radioopaque medium. Injection of a dye (e.g., Evans blue) into the renal artery reveals reduced visibility of the dye in the pale, grossly observable renal surface, as compared with nonirradiated kidneys. Autoradiography following injection of radioactively labeled serum albumin is useful in demonstrating increased permeability and plasmatic transudation through the endothelium of vasculature in the kidney.
Effects of contralateral nephrectomy timing and ischemic conditions on kidney fibrosis after unilateral kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Junhua Zhang, Ruihua Shen, Hui Lin, Juan Pan, Xinyuan Feng, Ling Lin, Dan Niu, Yanjuan Hou, Xiaole Su, Chen Wang, Lihua Wang, Xi Qiao
Neutral formalin-fixed kidney tissues were routinely dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (3 μm) and stained with HE to observe the damage of kidney tissues. Ten randomly selected fields of the kidney cortex of each section were captured with light microscopy at 400× magnification. Two pathologists scored the injury to the glomerulus and kidney tubules separately. The tubular injury was scored on a scale of 0–4 using the following criteria [17]: 0, no injury; 1, affecting 1–25% of the kidney area; 2, affecting 26–50% of the kidney area; 3, affecting 51–75% of the kidney area; and 4, affecting 75–100% of the kidney area. The degree of tubular injury was evaluated semi-quantitatively by calculating the area of kidney tubular injury. The glomerular injury was evaluated and scored on a scale of 0–4 according to the percentage area of mesangial expansion or sclerosis using the following criteria [17]: 0, normal glomeruli; 1, 1–25% of area injured; 2, 26–50% of area injured; 3, 51–75% of area injured; and 4, 76–100% of area injured. The final glomerular damage score = 0 × (% grade 0 glomeruli) + 1 × (% grade 1 glomeruli) + 2 × (% grade 2 glomeruli) + 3 × (% grade 3 glomeruli) + 4 × (% grade 4 glomeruli). More than 50 glomeruli were scored per mouse.
Identification of differentially expressed genes and pathways in kidney of ANCA-associated vasculitis by integrated bioinformatics analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Xu Deng, Junying Gao, Fei Zhao
To identify tissue specific of hub genes, we searched hub genes expression of normal tissues in the GTEx database (https://www.gtexportal.org/). In hub genes from glomerular datasets, ALB expressed relatively high in kidney–cortex compared with other tissues (Supplementary Figure 5(A)). In hub genes from tubulointerstitial datasets, ALB expressed relatively high in kidney–cortex compared with other tissues and EGF expressed relatively high in kidney–medulia (Supplementary Figure 5(B)). In hub genes from glomerular and tubulointerstitial datasets, it exhibited ALB and KNG1 expressed relatively high in kidney–cortex, EGF and KNG1 expressed relatively high in kidney–medulia (Supplementary Figure 5(C)). These results showed that ALB, EGF and KNG1 might be potential crucial genes participated in the pathophysiological process in kidney of AAV.
Standardized aqueous stem bark extract of Gmelina arborea roxb. possesses nephroprotection against adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Sachinthi S. Amarasiri, Anoja P. Attanayake, Liyanagae D. A. M. Arawwawala, Kamani A. P. W. Jayatilaka, Lakmini K. B. Mudduwa
Paraffin sections (5 μm) of formalin-fixed kidney samples were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) for light microscopic examinations (Olympus CX 21, Japan). Histopathological assessment was carried out according to a semiquantitative score system developed by the investigators. The tissue sections were examined for the presence of indicators of cellular damage by two independent investigators. The investigators were blinded to the sample groups. Ten high power fields (x400) in the inner part of the kidney cortex were examined in each kidney section for the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization and pyknosis of tubular epithelial cells, loss of brush border in the tubular epithelium, cast formation, intertubular hemorrhage and glomerular congestion. A value of ‘1’ was assigned to a field present with above-mentioned features, whereas ‘0’ value was assigned in the absence of damage. The score for each feature was calculated per section (10 high power fields) and sum up all together to give the total histological score out of the maximum score of 60 (six features). Consequently, the mean histological scores per rat and the experimental groups were calculated respectively.