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Physiology of Trauma, Fear, and Anxiety
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Neuroception happens via autonomic nerves without the intercession of consciousness. In contrast, consciousness – implicating cerebral functions – is constitutive of perception. Interoception adds yet another dimension to the interaction of nerves, physiology, and mind. Interoception expresses the perception of bodily processes, interior sensations, and states. That is, interoception is the visceral communication to the brain (Porges 2017a, p. 142). Solms argues that interoception is inherently affective and, in Freudian terms, represents the id (2012, minute 16:28 & 23:20). Consciousness takes form as narrative, which encodes beliefs and in turn those beliefs condition our perception of experience. In this way, for the chronically dysregulated individual, truth can become highly idiosyncratic.
Introducing the sensory systems and interoception
Published in Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole, Sensory Motor Activities for Early Development, 2020
Chia Swee Hong, Heidi Rumford, Alex Cole
The interoceptive sensory system is a recent addition to our understanding of the human body’s eight sensory systems. Interoception is the ability to sense the internal sensations of the body, such as a racing heart or rumbling stomach, and is closely linked with our emotional experiences (Strigo and Craig 2016). This chapter provides strategies to support children who have difficulties with interoception, as well as offering activity suggestions to increase both interoception and emotional awareness.
Innervation of Fascia
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Free nerve endings in fascial tissues are sometimes associated with an interoceptive function. Their stimulation then provides the brain with information about the condition of the body in its constant search for physiological homeostasis. A large quantity of interoceptive free nerve endings are located in visceral connective tissues and constitute an important part of what is frequently referred to as the enteric brain. However, other interoceptive interstitial neurons are located within musculoskeletal connective tissues, such as the endomysium or perimysium. Interoceptive signaling is associated with feelings like warmth, hunger, thirst, nausea, muscular effort, soreness, and heaviness or lightness as well as a sense of belonging or alienation regarding specific body regions, etc.21 The upstream neural pathway from interoceptive nerve endings does not follow the usual afferent pathways toward the somatosensory cortex of the brain. Instead, they project to the insular cortex inside the forebrain. In this cortical area, sensations related to internal somatic sensations are associated with emotional preferences and affective attitudes. As described by Damasio,22 patients with disturbed functioning of the insula may still have full biomechanical functioning and achieve high IQ levels in respective tests; however, they usually tend to be socially dysfunctional and are unable to make reasonable decisions in complex situations.
Association of Hypnotizability, Interoception, and Emotion
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2023
Žan Zelič, Laura Sebastiani, Enrica Laura Santarcangelo
Interoception plays an important role in several emotional and cognitive processes (Critchley & Harrison, 2013), with its alterations influencing physical and mental health (Brewer et al., 2021). Research to date has shown that hypnotizability corresponds to morphofunctional differences in brain areas that are involved in interoceptive processing (Huber et al., 2014; Picerni et al., 2019), with the insula being the most prominent one (Craig, 2002; Landry et al., 2017). Indeed, hypnotizability has been shown to be related to lower interoceptive accuracy as measured by the heartbeat counting task (Rosati et al., 2021) and heartbeat-evoked cortical potentials (Callara et al., 2023), as well as to higher interoceptive sensitivity measured by MAIA questionnaire (Diolaiuti et al., 2020). This has possible implications for the implementation of hypnotizability assessment into diagnostic procedures and the development of personalized treatment programs. Additionally, highly hypnotizable subjects exhibit stronger functional equivalence between imagery and perception (Ibáñez-Marcelo et al., 2019), which might be used to increase the efficacy of different trainings aimed at improving interoceptive accuracy and alleviation of several diseases.
Massage therapy as a complementary and alternative approach for people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Zakieh Heidari, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Chungyi Chiu
The MS diagnosis generates both fear and uncertainty about the future, and these effects can result in psycho-emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and stress [16]. Several studies have shown that MT could significantly alleviate symptoms of depression [48,49]. Ten weeks of foot reflexology decreases depression (ES = 0.94) in PwMS [27]. However, the biological mechanism of massage effects on depression has not been fully understood, and reduced depression may be due to a feeling of comfort during the massage [50]. Depression is related to disturbed interoceptive accuracy [51]. Interoception is the sense of the physiological condition of the entire body. Impaired interoception is associated with a variety of mental disorders, such as depression [51,52]. Researchers hypothesized that massage therapy simulates slow, rhythmic, and caress-like touch that stimulates C tactile (CT) afferents in the non-glabrous skin, which perceive pleasantness when receiving slow, rhythmic, and caress-like touch. Therefore, massage mitigates depression [53].
Examining the Factor Structure and Validity of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Eszter Ferentzi, Gabriel Olaru, Mattis Geiger, Luca Vig, Ferenc Köteles, Oliver Wilhelm
Interoception, defined as the perception of internal bodily changes (Garfinkel et al., 2015) is a multidimensional construct. For example, a distinction between the performance on sensory or behavioral tests (called interoceptive accuracy or sensitivity), and the subjective beliefs and self-reported perceptions (called interoceptive awareness or sensibility) has been made by several authors (Ceunen et al., 2013; Garfinkel et al., 2013, 2015). The assessment of interoceptive sensitivity typically focuses on a single interoceptive channel, such as the perception of heartbeats (Schandry, 1981), gastric fullness (van Dyck et al., 2016), or bladder sensations (Medina Lucena & Tincello, 2019). Questionnaires on interoceptive awareness1, however, cover a number of interoceptive modalities (Mehling et al., 2009). Empirical studies suggest that the two constructs are independent from each other (e.g., Canales-Johnson et al., 2015; Ferentzi et al., 2018; Garfinkel et al., 2015; Quadt et al., 2018).