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Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating about 25 percent of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual, and linguistic functions. Important regions of the temporal lobe include Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex) and the auditory association cortex, which includes the planum temporale in the temporal operculum, the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri, and the occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus. On the inferiomedial surface of the temporal lobe lies the parahippocampal gyrus, which contains the hippocampal formation. On the medial aspect of the anterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus is the uncus, a small bulge on the surface of the brain that marks the general location of the amygdala lying beneath this surface feature. The temporal lobes are associated with the processing of auditory input and with the encoding of memory. The temporal lobes also may play a substantial role in the processing of affective information, language, and in certain aspects of visual perception. The left side of the temporal lobe deals with language and verbal memory, while the right side deals with the ability to process non-verbal sounds and non-verbal memory (Mendoza & Foundas, 2007).
Development and Developmental Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Patients with ASD are also well known to have difficulty with face processing. This has been suggested observationally, but also by-direct self reports from high-functioning individuals with ASD (75). In 2000, Schultz et al. published a study in which autistic spectrum patients were paired with age-, gender-, and IQ-matched controls (81). Subjects were presented with image pairs and asked to determine whether they were the same or different. Some image pairs were of objects (i.e., cars, chairs), others were human faces. In normal control subjects, a strong pattern of activation in the inferior frontal gyri for object pairing and of activation in the fusiform gyri (predominantly right sided) for facial pairing was noted. In contrast, however, autistic subjects demonstrated significantly less activation of the right fusiform gyrus, and instead activated the right inferior temporal gyrus in response to face pairing. These findings support the theory that autistic patients use feature-based strategies more typical of object perception for facial recognition (75,81). In theory, this may also explain the lack of emotional content gained from facial evaluation, since facial information is processed in inappropriate locations with expectedly different connectivities than those of the fusiform gyrus (Fig. 15).
Epilepsy surgery
Published in Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
Often epilepsy surgery is performed to treat mesial temporal sclerosis. In these cases, the medial structures of the temporal lobe, the hippocampus, and to some degree the amygdala, are thought to be epileptogenic. In some cases, the lateral temporal cortex may also be a focus of epilepsy. When the temporal lobe is viewed laterally, the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri are evident. Viewed medially, the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus are evident (Figure 40.2 and 40.3). A coronal section of the anterior temporal lobe demonstrates the hippocampus, temporal horn, optic tract, and parahippocampal gyrus (Figure 40.4). Traditionally, a portion of the lateral temporal cortex is removed with the hippocampus and amygdala (anterior temporal lobectomy); however, there are procedures that preserve the lateral temporal cortex and only remove the medial temporal lobe structures (selective amygdalohippocampectomy). On the dominant side, the left brain for most people, the surgeon may choose to limit the posterior extent of resection of the temporal lobe to avoid creating language deficits (taking the resection back to only 3.5–4 cm from the temporal pole on the dominant side as opposed to 5–5.5 cm from the temporal pole on the nondominant side) (Van Hoesen, 1995).
Effect of age at time of injury on long-term changes in intrinsic functional connectivity in traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Nicola L. de Souza, Rachel Parker, Christie S. Gonzalez, Jennifer D. Ryan, Carrie Esopenko
In addition, we found evidence of increases in rsFC from DMN seeds to regions involved in other functional networks. That is, in the long-term phase post-injury, there was greater connectivity from the aMPFC to the inferior temporal gyrus, which is a key region within the visual processing network . Further, greater rsFC was shown from the PCC to the precentral gyrus and superior parietal lobule, regions heavily involved in the sensorimotor network (44,45). Past literature has found that the DMN and task-positive networks (e.g., dorsal attention, frontoparietal networks) are negatively correlated at rest (46), and failure to disengage the DMN during cognitively demanding tasks leads to poorer performance in healthy participants (47). While we were unable to determine whether the inter-network functional connections were related to cognitive function in the current sample, they are consistent with other studies demonstrating improved cognitive performance (4,48). Therefore, our results provide evidence of functional reorganization that coincides with, and may underlie, the improvement of cognitive performance that occurs during recovery.
Thalamocortical neural responses during hyperthermia: a resting-state functional MRI study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Jing Zhang, Shaowen Qian, Qingjun Jiang, Guanzhong Gong, Kai Liu, Bo Li, Yong Yin, Gang Sun
Additionally, the temporal-thalamic connectivity was increased in the thalamic pulvinar with the posterior inferior temporal gyrus. This finding might reflect neural activity redistribution within temporal lobe. The inferior temporal gyrus processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision and is associated with memory and memory recall to identify that object. It is associated with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli, comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify the object [39]. Disrupted connections in the pathways might result in altered visual information perception and processing. This finding might provide potential explanations for our previous study, which declared impaired early stage of face recognition during hyperthermia [40]. Additionally, compared with the frontal-thalamic and somatomotor-thalamic connectivity, the temporal-thalamic connectivity was relatively preserved during hyperthermia. The diversity indicated hyperthermia had selective impact on cortical-thalamic pathways.
Treatment effects of olanzapine on homotopic connectivity in drug-free schizophrenia at rest
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Wenbin Guo, Feng Liu, Jindong Chen, Renrong Wu, Lehua Li, Zhikun Zhang, Huafu Chen, Jingping Zhao
Compared with the patients at baseline, the patients after 6 weeks of treatment exhibited increased VMHC in the inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus/cerebellum lobule VI, middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, STG/postcentral gyrus, and precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus (Table 2 and Figure 1). After 6 months of treatment, the patients showed increased VMHC in the middle temporal gyrus relative to the baseline results (Table 2 and Figure 1). Compared with the patients after 6 weeks of treatment, the patients after 6 months of treatment exhibited decreased VMHC in the STG/postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus/postcentral gyrus (Table 2 and Figure 1).