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An Introduction to Consciousness and the Brain
Published in Max R. Bennett, The Idea of Consciousness, 2020
The identity of objects and their color is taken up by a set of retinal ganglion cells and conveyed via the structure called the dorsal lateral geniculate of the thalamus, which acts as an interface between the external world and the neocortex, to the primary visual (or striate) cortex in the occipital lobe at the back of the head. From there it is projected down into the temporal lobe and it is here that the identification of something as a face is carried out. In the medial temporal area (MT) just in front of the striate cortex, the coded information undergoes a transformation into the elements that recognizably belong to the object. Identification of an object is completed in the inferior temporal cortex, where the reconstruction of the complete object and its color is carried out. Here specific neurons fire when the object is viewed (as explained in more detail in the discussion relating to Figure 1.5).
Metaphors, once down and out, make a comeback
Published in Alan Bleakley, Thinking with Metaphors in Medicine, 2017
While metaphors are embodied, metaphor making has a physical substrate in brain activity. Zohar Eviatar and Marcel Just (2006) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brain activation in 16 healthy participants when they were read stories of three lines that concluded with either a literal, an ironic or a metaphoric sentence. The brain responds selectively to non-literal language, with significantly higher levels of activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) – an area that is important for language comprehension generally – and in the bilateral inferior temporal cortex for metaphoric utterances over ironic and literal utterances. There is, then, a differentiated functional cortical architecture for the use of metaphor. Eviatar and Just suggest that dual processing occurs during metaphor comprehension, whereby the literal and the figurative are considered side-by-side and the literal comes to be abandoned for the figurative as a resolution of Richards’ ‘co-present thoughts’. In other words, the source is needed to grasp the more complex or imaginative target.
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
The inferior temporal cortex includes the inferior and middle temporal gyri and is boundaried, posteriorly, just anterior to the lateral occipital sulcus and, anteriorly, just a couple of millimeters posterior to the temporal pole. It extends laterally to the occipitotemporal sulcus (Figure 6.10a and b).
The effects of preterm birth on visual development
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2018
Myra Ps Leung, Benjamin Thompson, Joanna Black, Shuan Dai, Jane M Alsweiler
Late last century, Mishkin and Underleider identified two cortical pathways for visual processing.1982 One pathway involves the inferior temporal cortex and supports object recognition while the other involves the posterior parietal cortex and supports object localisation.1982 The resulting dual pathway theory of visual processing was further developed by Goodale and Milner.1992 They described a ventral cortical stream receiving input from the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus and projecting through the ventral regions of the visual cortex to the temporal lobe and a dorsal stream with magnocellular input projecting through dorsal areas of the visual cortex and area V5 to the parietal lobe (Goodale and colleagues1994 Figure 1).1992
A novel combined visual scanning and verbal cuing intervention improves facial affect recognition after chronic severe traumatic brain injury: A single case design
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2021
Suzane Vassallo, Jacinta Douglas
There is significant heterogeneity in the aetiology (Croker & McDonald, 2005; Ponsford, 2013) and subsequent pathophysiology of TBI (Saatman et al., 2008). The cortical network subserving facial affect recognition is complex, vast, intertwined and highly vulnerable to insult following this type of injury. The frontal, prefrontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices, along with a number of subcortical areas, have been implicated as having a role in facial affect processing (Neumann et al., 2016; Sabatinelli et al., 2011; Vuilleumier & Pourtois, 2007). While these areas work together, their activation is distributed across time and cortical location (Vuilleumier & Pourtois, 2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated that different neuroanatomical structures serve differential functions in affect recognition, including perception, emotion replication and experience, and conceptual understanding (see Figure 1 in Neumann et al., 2014). The fusiform face area (FFA) is the part of the visual system selectively concerned with face perception. It is located in the inferior temporal cortex within the fusiform gyrus (Kanwisher et al., 1997). Reduced activation of the right fusiform gyrus on fMRI differentiates patients with TBI who have poor facial affect recognition from those who do not (Neumann et al., 2016; Rigon et al., 2018). Recent work has highlighted that, following moderate to severe TBI, functional connectivity is reduced in what is described as the “facial affect processing network” (Rigon et al., 2017). Others have also shown that diffuse axonal injury impairs facial affect recognition soon after TBI (Green et al., 2004).
Effect of RehaCom cognitive rehabilitation software on working memory and processing speed in chronic ischemic stroke patients
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Sanaz Amiri, Peyman Hassani-Abharian, Salar Vaseghi, Rouzbeh Kazemi, Mohammad Nasehi
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide (Morreale et al., 2016). Even a single cortico-subcortical ischemic lesion, if located in a brain region that is involved in cognition and behavior, can induce severe cognitive decline (Kalaria et al., 2016). A 2016 study by (Moriya et al., 2016) showed that WM is disrupted following stroke. WM is a neural system that helps us temporarily maintain essential information, while we are performing intricate cognitive functions including reasoning, thinking, decision making, and planning (Khan & Muly, 2011). Prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions and its network disconnections, or damage to other cortical and subcortical regions may have a role in stroke-induced WM deficit (Fuentes et al., 2017). The crucial role of the PFC and its interactions with cortical and subcortical regions in modulating WM has been revealed (Khan & Muly, 2011). The somatosensory cortex, medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, posterior parietal cortex, inferior temporal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and premotor cortex are other brain regions that are involved in WM (Fuentes et al., 2017; Miller & Desimone, 1993). One of the most important mechanisms of the PFC is interplay between inhibitory interneurons and excitatory pyramidal projection neurons (Sawaguchi & Iba, 2001). In addition, both the posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices are active during spatial WM tasks (Friedman & Goldman-Rakic, 1994). All these mentioned findings show the brain’s complex inter-cortical connections to perform WM. Thus, an ischemic stroke can disrupt WM depending on the location of the lesion. Note that, in ischemic stroke, the lesions usually affect the prefrontal-subcortical circuits involved in modulating executive functions (Kandiah et al., 2011).