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Ear Trauma
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Skull trauma is the most common cause. About two-thirds occur without a concomitant temporal bone fracture. Dislocation of the incus is the most common injury. Isolated malleus fracture may follow sudden pressurisation in the canal.
Common otology viva topics
Published in Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Advanced ENT Training, 2019
Discuss a hearing aid trial and stapes surgery (undertaken with a laser or microdrill to fenestrate the stapes footplate and then place a piston attached to the incus). It is worth being able to explain in basic terms how stapes surgery is performed. The risk of a dead ear is commonly quoted as 0.5%–1% and other risks to mention include dizziness, tinnitus, altered taste, facial palsy, device failure and ear drum perforation.
Deafness and hearing loss
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
The middle ear is a cavity approximately one to two cubic centimeters in volume that is connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian tube. A dysfunction of the eustachian tube will affect hearing as well as result in enlarged adenoids, allergic congestion, and colds. Most middle-ear infections begin in the eustachian tube, resulting in unequal pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane that interferes with the vibration of sound waves and results in a conductive hearing loss. The middle ear contains three bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that connect the tympanic membrane to the entrance of the inner ear (oval window). The bones transmit sound waves across the ossicular chain, with the last bone (stapes) being implanted in the oval window.
Effect of ossicular chain deformity on reverse stimulation considering the overflow characteristics of third windows
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Houguang Liu, Lin Xue, Jianhua Yang, Gang Cheng, Lei Zhou, Xinsheng Huang
In the impedance model, the malleus impedance is composed of mechanical mass, mechanical resistance, and mechanical stiffness (O’Connor and Puria 2008). Our study shows that the malleus impedance’s increase boosts obviously the input impedance of the middle ear over the entire frequency. The incus fixation improves the input impedance of the middle ear to varying degrees in the overall frequency. Considering that the incus is modeled with mechanical mass (O’Connor and Puria 2008; Keefe 2015), it is only necessary to consider increasing the mechanical mass of the incus to achieve impedance calibration. For stapes fixation, the input impedance of the middle ear appears to increase slightly below 1000 Hz. The stapes impedance is composed of mechanical mass, mechanical resistance, and mechanical stiffness (Keefe 2015). On one hand, the stiffness mainly affects the low-frequency characteristics of the system, it is considered to increase the single stiffness of the stapes, which can achieve the impedance calibration of the stapes fixation. Also, similar to malleus fixation and incus fixation, increasing the impedance of the stapes can also achieve impedance calibration. It can be seen that the increase in the single stiffness of the stapes impedance dominates the increase of the stapes impedance.
Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery for management of ossicular malformation: clinical outcomes of 17 cases
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Alyssa Yoshida, Makoto Hosoya, Sho Kanzaki, Masato Fujioka, Hiroyuki Ozawa
Seventeen cases (seven women and ten men) of ossicular malformation performed using TEES were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 34.4 years. Of these 17 cases, 13 were performed only by TEES, but 4 cases were supported by a surgical microscope (1 case in 2015, 1 case in 2016, and 2 cases in 2017). After 2018, all the cases were performed using TEES. According to the Teunissen and Cremers classification system, six ears were type I, two ears were typeII, and nine ears were type III. Endoscopic exploratory tympanotomy revealed that cases showing malformations of the stapes superstructure tended to be more common in terms of percentage. Most cases showed normal malleus, except for five ears (29.4%), including the fixation of the incudomalleolar joint or a malleus bar. The malformation of incus was observed in five ears (29.4%). The most common malformation was the missing of the long process. Stapes malformation was observed in 12 ears (70.5%), which often involved the stapes superstructure malformations with a mobile footplate (4 in 12 ears). Oval window aplasia or dysplasia, which was classified as type IV, was not observed.
More data on ancient human mitogenome variability in Italy: new mitochondrial genome sequences from three Upper Palaeolithic burials
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Alessandra Modi, Stefania Vai, Cosimo Posth, Chiara Vergata, Valentina Zaro, Maria Angela Diroma, Francesco Boschin, Giulia Capecchi, Stefano Ricci, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Giulio Catalano, Gabriele Lauria, Giuseppe D'Amore, Luca Sineo, David Caramelli, Martina Lari
Experimental steps of DNA isolation and library preparation were carried out at the Laboratory of Anthropology and Palaeogenetics at University of Florence, exclusively dedicated to aDNA analysis, and appropriate criteria to prevent contamination with present-day DNA were followed. DNA extraction and library preparation reactions included negative controls. The petrous portion of the temporal bone was collected for the samples AC16 and PA12, while one of the three auditory ossicles (left incus) was available for ST2. To remove potential contamination, the outer layer of the petrous bone samples was brushed with disposable tools and irradiated by ultraviolet light (254 nm) for 45 min in a Biolink DNA Crosslinker (Biometra). The petrous pyramids were sectioned using a disc saw, and the densest part of inner ear was selected to collect bone powder using a dentist microdrill with disposable tips (Pinhasi et al. 2015). The incus was processed as described in Sirak et al. 2020. 50–65 mg of petrous bone powder and the whole auditory ossicle were used for DNA extraction using a silica-based protocol that allows aDNA molecules to be efficiently recovered even if highly fragmented (Dabney et al. 2013). DNA was eluted twice in 50 µl of TET buffer (10 nM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween-20).