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Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
The palates of the offspring from the vitamin A-fed mothers had triangular shaped defects with the apex extending anteriorly to the incisive papilla but not involving the alveolar process or lips. This anomaly appeared to be identical to that described in vitamin A deficiency and was believed to be due to a failure of fusion of the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal process of the palatine bone. Among the skeletal defects was a foreshortening of the mandible and maxilla that usually involved the corpus of the mandible, but rarely the ramus. A dosage between 15,000 and 25,000 IU seemed to be the minimal daily dose of vitamin A needed to produce the gross malformations. These findings suggest that the excess vitamin A seemingly exerts a teratogenic action directly on the developing embryo rather than indirectly through maternal stress.
Anatomy and Embryology of the Mouth and Dentition
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The periphery of the hard palate surrounding the necks of the teeth is termed the gingiva and a zone similarly lacking submucosa runs anteroposteriorly in the midline as a narrow, low ridge; the palatine raphe. At the anterior extremity of the raphe behind the incisor teeth is a small prominence, the incisive papilla that covers the incisive fossa at the oral opening of the incisive canal. Radiating outwards from the palatine raphe in the anterior half of the hard palate are irregular transverse ridges or rugae. The pattern of rugae is unique for the individual and has been used in forensic science to identify a dead individual.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Judit E. Markovits, Graham R. Betton, Donald N. McMartin, Theresa Boulineau
Much of the oral cavity is evaluated in toxicologic studies only grossly as part of the general examination of the body when the lips, palate, pharynx and buccal mucosa (including cheek pouch in macaques), and tongue are inspected. In most toxicologic studies in a pharmaceutical setting, the tongue is the only one of these tissues that is routinely evaluated histologically. Additionally, the palate is included in the tissue section in studies where the nasal cavity is examined microscopically. In rodents, the function of the oral cavity is limited to accepting, processing, and transporting food, whereas the oral cavity also contributes to vocalization and/or heat control in large animals. The hard palate contains several ridges in rodents and dogs, whereas macaques have palatine rugae that are not as prominent as those of other species of interest. The incisive papilla (covered by keratinized squamous epithelium) is a cartilaginous projection of the hard palate between the incisors and the first palatal ridge. The oral mucosa has a similar microscopic appearance to skin, but typically has a higher epithelial proliferation rate. In the rat, the oral mucosal cell turnover rate varies between 3.2 and 5.8 days (Brown and Hardisty 1990). Of some curiosity is the presence of sebaceous glands (in the absence of hair) in the oral mucosa of most species (referred to as Fordyce’s granules in humans) with predictive distribution and increasing numbers/incidence with age. In rats, most often, these glands are located in the gingiva between the first and third upper molars (Imaoka et al. 2003).
Whole-body inhalation exposure to 2-ethyltoluene for two weeks produced nasal lesions in rats and mice
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Madelyn C. Huang, Cynthia J. Willson, Sridhar Jaligama, Gregory L. Baker, Alan W. Singer, Yu Cao, Jessica Pierfelice, Esra Mutlu, Brian Burback, Guanhua Xie, David E. Malarkey, Barney Sparrow, Kristen Ryan, Matthew Stout, Georgia K. Roberts
Tissues collected for histopathological evaluation at necropsy were selected based on findings from Roberts et al. (Roberts et al. 2017). Collected tissues (brain, gross lesions, kidneys, larynx, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, nasal cavity, pharynx, and trachea) were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF). Three sections were taken of the nasal cavity were collected (https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/nnl/respiratory/nose/index.htm). Level I sections, the most rostral sections, were taken immediately posterior to the upper incisor teeth; Level II sections were taken through the incisive papilla rostral to the first palatal ridge; Level III sections were taken at the middle of the second molar teeth. Histopathological evaluation was conducted on controls and in exposed groups to a no-observed effect level.
Bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve block versus palatal block for cleft palate repair in children: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2018
Mohamed M. Abu Elyazed, Shaimaa F. Mostafa
A cotton swab was pressed opposite the first molar tooth then moved posteriorly until it fell into a depression, the GP foramen, situated at the junction of alveolar and palatine bone. A 23G needle was used to block GPN bilaterally just anterior to the GP foramen by injecting 0.5 ml local anesthetic solution 1 cm medial to 1st / 2nd maxillary molar at a depth < 1 cm without entering the canal. 0.5 ml local anesthetic solution was injected bilaterally to block LPN at the LP foramen, identified just lower and lateral to GP foramen, at a depth of less than 1 cm. NPN was blocked lateral to the incisive papilla using 0.5 ml of the solution at a depth of <1 cm. A single injection was sufficient to achieve bilateral block. In case of a complete cleft, the block was performed at the incisive papilla as the vessels will be emerging from the incisive foramen (IF).
Transnasal endoscopic marsupialization of nasopalatine duct cysts: A novel ‘Mickey Mouse’ sign and a septum-sparing surgical technique to reduce paresthesia risk
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Shravan Gowrishankar, Nora Haloob, Claire Hopkins
A nasopalatine duct cyst (NPDC) is the most common type of non-odontogenic cyst of the maxillary region, occurring in 1% of the population [1]. During development, the nasopalatine duct connects the floor of the nasal cavity to the incisive papilla of the hard palate, leading to direct communication between the oral and nasal cavities [2]. This duct typically obliterates in utero. However, incomplete regression can lead to cyst formation later in life from epithelial remnants along the duct line. This usually occurs during the fourth to sixth decades of life [3]. While the trigger for cyst formation is largely unknown, possible causes include trauma and infection [1].