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Anatomy of the Pelvis
Published in Gowri Dorairajan, Management of Normal and High Risk Labour During Childbirth, 2022
Terrestrial vertebrates called tetrapods had four limbs, and in phylogeny, this was considered as a unique change. They are considered descendants of crossopterygians that possessed lobed fins with a narrow attachment. Two adaptations were perceived in response to the terrestrial environment during the evolution of primary amphibians from crossopterygians. The first was the change in position of limb-like paddles for support and locomotion on land. In this regard, forelimbs rotated laterally and hind limbs medially. The second was the articulation of the pelvic girdle with the vertebral column, again a unique feature of tetrapods.
Animal Models of Osteoarthritis
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Theodore R. Oegema, Denise Visco
Kinematics, the study of movements of the limb, has been used by investigators to study the normal gait and the changes that occur in dogs with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency,93-95 and/or massive hind limb deafferentation.95 The change in kinematic parameters after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament was shown not to be limited to just the destabilized joint, but also affected the other joints in that limb, joints in the contralateral limb, and the vertical movements of the rump.94
Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels To Skeletal Muscles
Published in Geoffrey Burnstock, Susan G. Griffith, Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels, 2019
The preganglionic nerve fibers for the blood vessels of the lower extremities arise from the T12 to L5 spinal cord segments.29-32 Nerve fibers originating from the T12 to L3 segments are vasoconstrictors; those arising from segments L2 to L5 are vasodilators. The greatest vasoconstrictor outflow originates from the segments L1 to L3; the segment L4 is the origin of the greatest vasodilator outflow in the cat.31 Preganglionic fibers from the above-mentioned T12 to L5 segments descend through the chain ganglia to synapse with postganglionic neurons located chiefly in the L1 to S3 chain ganglia.30,33-34 Postganglionic nerve fibers reach the spinal nerves that supply the hindlimb muscles in a way similar to that previously described for the upper extremities (Figure 5).
Brain polar phenol content, behavioural and neurochemical effects of Corinthian currant in a rotenone rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Eleni Fanarioti, Martha Tsarouchi, Paraskevi B. Vasilakopoulou, Antonia Chiou, Michael Karvelas, Vaios T. Karathanos, Catherine R. Dermon
Behavioural testing was performed on days 1, 14 and 28 (n = 28). Following 2 h acclimatization, rats were placed individually in a clear Plexiglas open field (100 cm × 100 cm × 50 cm) with a digital video camera SONY HDR-CX625 installed on the top of the apparatus and allowed to explore the field for 10 min. Four types of behavioural patterns were analyzed: rearing behaviour, total distance travelled, velocity and immobility time, using EthoVision XT, Noldus software. Rearing test assesses exploratory behaviour [15] and was successfully used to detect rotenone-induced-motor deficits [16]. Rearing activity was distinguished between supported rears (also called wall-leaning, where the animal stands on the hind limbs but touches the wall of the arena) and unsupported rears (briefly standing on hind legs without support) [17]. The day after the last behavioural measurement, rats were euthanized for immunohistochemistry, western blot and polar phenol analysis. All behavioural test scorings were recorded and analyzed blinded to the treatment groups.
RIP1 Regulates Mitochondrial Fission during Skeletal Muscle Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yu Cao, Shunli Chen, Xiangqing Xiong, Lina Lin, Wantie Wang, Liangrong Wang
The anesthetic mixture composed of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and diazepam (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to achieve adequate anesthesia, and thereafter the rats were placed supine. Skeletal muscle ischemia was achieved by the occlusion of the right femoral artery using an arterial clamp, and then a rubber band was placed proximally to the ipsilateral greater trochanter to block collateral circulation. Both the rubber and clamp were withdrawn after 4 h of ischemia, and the hindlimb was then allowed to reperfuse for another 4 h. The blood flow of the hindlimb was verified by monitoring the appearance of the paws. When the reperfusion period ended, the rats were euthanized by the anesthetic overdose, and the soleus muscles were immediately harvested. Furthermore, the blood samples (5 mL) were also collected from the abdominal aortas of the rats and centrifuged (2500 rpm, 4 °C) for 30 minutes, then the plasma specimens were obtained and stored at −20 °C for further measurements.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of taste-masked orodispersible tablets of fluoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of depression
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Maha A. Marzouk, Dina A. Osman, Omnia S. Mohamed
The measured parameters were [24],Latency: Time from putting the animal in the middle of the area until decided to move.Ambulation frequency: The number of squares (sq.) crossed by the animal.Rearing frequency: The number of times the animal stood stretched on its hind limbs with and without forelimbs support.Grooming frequency: Time of face washing and scratching with the hind leg and licking of the animal’s fur and genitals.