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Anatomy of the Forehead and Periocular Region
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Marcelo B. Antunes, Stephen A. Goldstein
The skeletal support for the upper third of the face is composed primarily of the frontal bone and a portion of the temporal bone laterally. The frontal bone has two components, the vertical squama portion and the horizontal orbital portion. The squama corresponds to the forehead and most commonly has a gentle convexity. This portion of the frontal bone is relatively thick, providing strength and protection for the cranial vault. Superiorly, there are two elevated areas named the frontal eminence. Frontal eminence asymmetry can disturb the vertical balance of the face. Inferiorly, separated by a slight groove, are two more prominent elevations called the superciliary arches. These are joined in the midline by the glabella. These arches are more prominent in men. At the inferior portion of the squama is the supraorbital margin. This is the boundary between the squama portion and the orbital portion of the frontal bone. At the junction of the middle and medial thirds of this arch, is the supraorbital foramen (or notch), which houses the supraorbital nerve. A small percentage of people have an accessory foramen 1–2 cm above the orbital rim (2). The orbit is composed of seven bones. For the purpose of facial aging and rejuvenation, only the bones creating the orbital rim have relevance. These are the frontal bone superiorly, maxillary bone inferiorly and medially, and the zygomatic bone laterally.
Aging of Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Daria Voropai, Steven Dayan, Luis Fernando Botero, Chiara Botti, Leonard Miller, Ali Pirayesh
There is no clear understanding as to which aging changes occur in the cranium and the upper face. A well-researched change is the decrease in glabellar angle [2,3]. However, Cotofana et al. [1] studied computed tomographic multiplanar scans of 157 Caucasian individuals between the ages of 20 and 98 years and found significant results, which complemented the results of Yi's [8,9] study looking at aging changes of the frontal eminence and the concavity of the forehead (however, limited to the Korean population). Yi's study concluded that in both genders, aging was associated with increasing length of the concavity (Figure C.2). Cotofana [1] documented a decrease in sagittal diameter in men (−2.24%), an increase in transverse diameter in both women and men (1.97% vs 2.22%), and a decrease in calvarial volume in men and women (5.4% vs 5.1%) (Figure C.2). Furthermore, lateral expansion of the skull [1] could also contribute to the more skeletonized appearance of the face of the older individual, hence the prominent lateral orbital rims, temporal crest, and zygomatic arch.
Bone Remodeling in the Craniofacial Region
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
It is especially noteworthy in the bones of the skull vault that there is a sequence of growth of the “flat” bones with alteration of curvature. In this changing growth pattern, there is a coordination of osteoclastic resorption, stasis (abeyance of growth in certain situations for shorter or longer periods, or permanently), and osteoblastic deposition of new bone. Thus (see Figure 15.2), the initial ectocranial resorption over the parietal and frontal eminences (for example) gives way to stasis. The first achieves flattening; the second holds it. From the edge of the eminence towards the growing, extending sutural margin there is increasing depth of bony deposition (depending on the speed of change, such deposition may be, initially, in rapidly deposited subperiosteal trabeculae at an angle to the surface, Hoyte, 1968; later the deposit may be lamellar, the early trabeculae consolidated by intervening bone deposition). On the endocranial aspect, reciprocal changes occur: heavy accretion in the concavity, lessening towards the edges, and parasutural resorption “following” the growing edge. This process of edgewise extension, with endocranial resorption and ectocranial deposition, is differential growth which, like the process over the eminences, leads to flattening of curvature as growth proceeds, (noted also by Lewis and Irving, 1970, in the rat calvarium in organ culture, suggesting that this type of growth is integral to the vault bones at least.) This is sequential change over time. Not only does it occur, of course, in the vault, but in many other areas of the craniofacial skeleton (especially noteworthy in the growth of the alisphenoid wings in Chapter 11, the cranial base).
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Yifei Wang, Fang Wang, Jinling Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, Mozheng Wu, Liang Li, Peijing Rong
Cook et al. [106]created motor-activated taVNS by putting the active lead over the buccinator muscle and the reference lead over the frontal eminence, demonstrated that electromyography electrodes on target orofacial muscles can effectively trigger taVNS stimuli in infants, and validated its function as a potential neurorehabilitation tool.