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Pain
Published in Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed, Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
Jarred Williams, Katie Seabaugh, Molly Shepard, Dana Peroni
Location and method: With the forelimb lifted off the ground and flexed at the carpus, an 18- to 22-gauge, 1- to 1.5-inch needle is inserted in a dorsal to palmar/plantar direction medial or lateral to the extensor carpi radialis, distal to the distal end of the radius, and proximal to the proximal row of carpal bones. When flexed, there is an obvious indentation created within these borders.
Anatomy of the Pelvis
Published in Gowri Dorairajan, Management of Normal and High Risk Labour During Childbirth, 2022
Terrestrial vertebrates called tetrapods had four limbs, and in phylogeny, this was considered as a unique change. They are considered descendants of crossopterygians that possessed lobed fins with a narrow attachment. Two adaptations were perceived in response to the terrestrial environment during the evolution of primary amphibians from crossopterygians. The first was the change in position of limb-like paddles for support and locomotion on land. In this regard, forelimbs rotated laterally and hind limbs medially. The second was the articulation of the pelvic girdle with the vertebral column, again a unique feature of tetrapods.
Introduction
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
This example concerns non-pentadactyly, a topic that has long attracted researchers’ attention because this is the most common human limb birth defect. We have studied alterations in muscle attachments found in congenital non-pentadactyl human limbs and evaluated whether these changed patterns are similar to those found in wildtype nonhuman tetrapods with non-pentadactyl limbs (Smith et al. 2015). The most significant conclusion of those studies was that the non-pentadactyl limbs of wildtype taxa (e.g., frogs, salamanders, crocodilians, chickens, humans) with birth defects exhibit a consistent “nearest neighbor” pattern. In other words, the identity and attachments of the distal forelimb and hindlimb muscles seem to be mainly related to the physical (topological) position, and not to the number of the anlage or the homeotic identity of the digits to which the muscles are attached. Topological position refers to the adult relationship with other structures, and not to the position of the developmental anlagen.
Epicutaneous Administration of 17β-Estradiol Induces Langerhans Cells Depletion
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Katia Jarquín-Yáñez, Miguel Ángel Herrera-Enriquez, Cristina Lemini, Edith Melendez-Moreno, Paulina Villena-López, Maria Estela Ávila, Beatriz Hernández-Téllez, Gabriela Piñón-Zárate, Enrique Agustin Sampedro-Carrillo, Andrés Eliú Castell-Rodríguez
Four 6- to 8-week-old male Balb/c mice were used in each trial. After treatment with E2, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The bones of the hind and forelimbs (femur, tibia, and radius) were immediately collected, removing all the muscle tissue and avoiding bone fractures. Bones were washed with 70% alcohol at 4°C and then with sterile Hanks balanced saline solution (HBSS) at 4°C under aseptic conditions. Samples were placed in a sterile plastic Petri dish, and the bone marrow was obtained by perfusion using an insulin syringe. Through continuous pipetting, the cell aggregates were disrupted until a homogeneous suspension was obtained. Erythrocytes were discarded by incubating the cell suspension with lysis buffer (0.15 M NH4Cl, KHCO3, and EDTA) for 2 minutes at RT. Afterward, survival and cell numbers were determined by staining with trypan blue. Cells were seeded in 75 cm2 culture flasks at a density of 1 × 106 cells/ml and incubated with DMEM (GIBCO, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (PAA), 1% antibiotic-antimycotic solution mix (GIBCO, USA) and 20% GM-CSF. Cell culture was maintained for up to 10 days at 37°C and 5%CO2 with medium changes every 48 hours. GM-CSF was obtained from the supernatant of a CHO cell line (Chinese hamster ovarian cancer, Cricetulus griseus) transfected with the GM-CSF gene. At each medium change, the cultures were observed under an inverted microscope (OLYMPUS IX71), and the morphological changes were recorded.
Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap Procedure in a Swine Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Joanna W. Etra, Samuel A. J. Fidder, Christopher M. Frost, Franka Messner, Yinan Guo, Dalibor Vasilic, Sarah E. Beck, Steven Bonawitz, Gerald Brandacher, Damon S. Cooney
The animal should be sedated and positioned in a lateral decubitus position on the operating room table. The ventral border of the muscle can be identified by palpation with cephalad flexion of the ipsilateral forelimb. Identify and mark the olecranon process and the caudal apex of the scapula in the ipsilateral side (Figure 2, marks 1&2). Draw a line between the two landmarks and note the half-way point on the line (the olecranon-apex midpoint) (Figure 2, mark 3). From that point, identify and draw a line toward the point one-third of the distance from the base of the skull to the distal end of the spine (Figure 2, mark 4). Draw another line from the same olecranon-apex midpoint to the base of the tail. The graft paddle should lie within the angle of the marked lines with the pedicle at the confluence along a line bisecting the angle (axis line) (Figure 2, mark 5).
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of taste-masked orodispersible tablets of fluoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of depression
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Maha A. Marzouk, Dina A. Osman, Omnia S. Mohamed
The measured parameters were [24],Latency: Time from putting the animal in the middle of the area until decided to move.Ambulation frequency: The number of squares (sq.) crossed by the animal.Rearing frequency: The number of times the animal stood stretched on its hind limbs with and without forelimbs support.Grooming frequency: Time of face washing and scratching with the hind leg and licking of the animal’s fur and genitals.