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Lymphatic anatomy: lymphatics of the vulva
Published in Charles F. Levenback, Ate G.J. van der Zee, Robert L. Coleman, Clinical Lymphatic Mapping in Gynecologic Cancers, 2022
Anca Chelariu-Raicu, Robert L. Coleman
Embryologically, the external female genitalia arise from undifferentiated tissues that comprise the genital tubercle, labioscrotal swellings, and urogenital folds.1 In the absence of fetal androgens, further differentiation of these tissues forms the external female phenotype, which is distinguishable 12 weeks after fertilization. Ambiguity of this differentiation can result from the presence of exogenous or endogenous sex steroids during development; however, the null phenotype is female.
Single Best Answer Questions
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
With regard to genital development:The mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts differentiate into the female genitaliaFemale development is hormonally regulated through the actions of anti-Mullerian hormone and testosteroneGender is principally determined by the presence or absence of two X chromosomesAnti-Mullerian hormone is secreted by Leydig cellsThe testes and ovaries descend from their original position at the 10th thoracic level
Vulvar Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Immediately external to the vagina, the vulva is the collective name for the external female genitalia in the pubic region, which include the mons pubis, clitoris, labia minora (inner lips of the vulva, consisting of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, usually no adnexae), labia majora (outer lips of the vulva, consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with hair follicles and eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands), vulvar vestibule, vestibulovaginal bulbs, urethral meatus, hymen (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium), Bartholin glands, Skene glands (mucus-secreting columnar epithelium merges with duct urothelium, and then stratified squamous epithelium of the vestibule), and vaginal introitus (vaginal opening).
Cliteracy for him: effectiveness of bibliotherapy for heterosexual men’s sexual functioning
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2023
Hannah Warshowsky, Elizabeth A. Mahar, Laurie B. Mintz
A revised version of the Clitoral Knowledge Measure (Wade et al., 2005) was used to assess participants’ understanding of the anatomy and functioning of the clitoris for women’s sexual pleasure. Wade et al. (2005) originally used this measure in a study that explored clitoral knowledge among 833 undergraduate students. This measure included a diagram of the female genitalia, with letters pointing to different genital organs. Participants were asked to choose which letter corresponded to the clitoris. The measure also included one open-ended question for participants to answer regarding the clitoris and its function. Finally, the measure included five questions to gauge participants’ knowledge of the clitoris, with response options being: True (1), False (2), and Don’t Know (3). An example statement includes “The clitoris is directly stimulated by (Penis-Vagina) intercourse.”
Perceptions of Female Genitalia Following Labiaplasty
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Kaylee Skoda, Flora E. Oswald, Lacey Shorter, Cory L. Pedersen
This “tucked-in” appearance (Schick et al., 2011), colloquially referred to as the “Barbie look” (Iglesia et al., 2013; Schick et al., 2011), is widely regarded as the labial ideal of which research participants report a shared understanding (e.g., Braun, 2019; Crouch, 2019; Gunter, 2019; Jones & Nurka, 2015). This tucked-in labial appearance predominates in media, both pornographic and non-pornographic (e.g., Braun, 2005; Gunter, 2019; Liao & Creighton, 2007; Sharp et al., 2016). Symmetrical and invisible, such ideal labia represent prepubescent youth, purity, and ultimately, desirability (Braun, 2005, 2019; Crouch, 2019; Herbenick & Schick, 2011). In contrast, protruding labia – historically associated with racial inferiority (Gilman, 1985), promiscuity, and excessive masturbation (Gilman, 1985; Solanki et al., 2010) – are often discussed as aged (Cauterucci, 2016; Mock, 2012), unhygienic (Nurka & Jones, 2013), deviant, and improper (Gunter, 2019). These discursive representations of protruding labia demonstrate an underlying stigmatization of the anatomically normal diversity of female genitalia (e.g., Braun & Kitzinger, 2001). Pubic hair trends might also impact labial ideals (Jones & Nurka, 2015); the current trend of removing pubic hair makes external genitalia more visible and protruding labia more obvious, thus increasing anatomical anxieties (e.g., Michala et al., 2011).
Changes in Sexual Distress, Depression and Sexual Function after Clitoral Reconstruction in Women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2018
Gemma Mestre-Bach, Iris Tolosa-Sola, Ignacio Rodríguez, Pere Barri-Soldevila, Gracia Lasheras, Josep M. Farré
Some studies have found that clitoral reconstruction surgery can restore pleasure and sexual function in female genitalia (Foldès et al., 2012), leading to, furthermore, improvements in desire, satisfaction, and sex frequency (Rouzi et al., 2017). Other research in this line, however, has not been able to identify an improvement in pain or in the ability to reach orgasm during sexual intercourse following reconstruction (Abdulcadir, Rodriguez, & Say, 2015; Berg et al., 2017). Similarly, in our study, genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder and female orgasmic disorder did not show a statistically significant reduction after the intervention. This result could be understood taking clitoris function into account. The clitoris is understood to be crucial for female sexual functioning and abnormalities arising from FGM/C are associated with orgasm difficulties and pain (Mazloomdoost & Pauls, 2015). In all likelihood, it is for this reason that more severe female genitalia mutilation (Type II FGM/C) was associated with a smaller reduction of sexual distress in our sample, although in no case was a worsening observed with respect to the baseline in terms of sexual function. This result coincides with previous studies, which have reported that the anatomical extent of FGM/C is related to the severity of sexual dysfunction (Andersson, Rymer, Joyce, Momoh, & Gayle, 2012; Rouzi et al., 2017).