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Inflammation and Infection
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Judith Hall, Christopher K. Harding
Urothelial barrier:Comprised of specialised umbrella cells (superficial facet cells).Characterised by uroplakin.Reinforced by a surface mucus or a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer.An antibacterial coating impeding microbial attachment.The GAG layer consists of chondroitin and dermatan sulphates; heparins and heparan sulphates; hyaluronate; and keratan sulphate.
Uropathogens and the Lower Urinary Tract
Published in Linda Cardozo, Staskin David, Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
Figure 25.1 uropAthogenic E. coli (uPeC) intrAcellulAr bActeriAl colony (IbC) pAthogenic pAthwAy observed in the murine cystitis model. The blAdder urothelium (A) is A pseudostrAtified trAnsitionAl epithelium lined by lArge fAcet cells. These cells hAve An ApicAl Asymmetric unit membrAne contAining uroplAkins thAt help form the impermeAble blAdder bArrier And Also serve As receptors for uPeC. bActeriA introduced into the blAdder Adhere to the blAdder surfAce viA type 1 pili (b). upon AttAchment, bActeriA Are Able to invAde (c) And replicAte (d) within the fAcet cell cytoplAsm. uPeC form lArge biofilm-like IbCs within these cells (e). ultimAtely, the bActeriA flux out of their intrAcellulAr niche (g), some Adopting A filAmentous morphology; they then Adhere to other host cells And reenter the infectious cycle. During this process, infected urotheliAl cells Are sloughed into the urine (f) And neutrophils Are recruited to the site of infection. (reproduced from Klumpp DJ et Al., Infect Immun, 69, 6689, 2001.)
Pharmacotherapeutic advances for recurrent urinary tract infections in women
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Mohamad Moussa, Mohamed Abou Chakra, Athanasios Dellis, Yasmin Moussa, Athanasios Papatsoris
Infection of the urinary tract begins when bacteria, likely introduced after colonization of the periurethral area by the gastrointestinal tract flora, ascends the urethra. A subset of adherent bacteria is then internalized into facet cells, a dynamic process that likely relies on the normal cycling of their apical membrane segments [20]. Multiple bacterial adhesins recognize receptors on the bladder epithelium and mediate colonization. Uropathogens such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) survive by invading the bladder epithelium, producing toxins and proteases to release nutrients from the host cells and synthesizing siderophores to obtain iron. Potentially, uropathogens are able to cross the tubular epithelial barrier to access the bloodstream, initiating bacteremia [21].
Development of a Short Form of the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex Model to Aid with the Organization of Personality Traits
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2019
Meredith A. Bucher, Douglas B. Samuel
A larger trend within Table 3 was that in some cases, multiple IPIP–120 and HEXACO PI–R facets affiliated most strongly with the same facet from the short form of the IPIP–AB5C. In contrast, there were other AB5C facet cells in Table 3 that were empty, indicating that there was no HEXACO or IPIP–120 facet that primarily affiliated with it. This pattern was observed most clearly in the Intellect/Openness domain. These results across both studies might suggest that the AB5C facets, despite being more plentiful, are not necessarily the lowest level of the FFM structure. In other words, to the extent that traits such as trust and straightforwardness are indeed distinct from each other, this would indicate that this distinction is not reflected in the conceptual facets of the AB5C. Alternatively, this might also suggest that some facets, such as trust and straightforwardness, are conceptually similar enough that they might not need separating on the NEO.