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Alternative Methodologies to Animal Testing
Published in Nicola Loprieno, Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry, 2019
There is widespread opinion that there is a need to continue in developing new methods for eye irritation evaluation based on fundamental research, with the objectives of improving some of the more interesting methodologies and developing additional methods in the area of recovery and repair of ocular damage.
Cleansing of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
The potential for increased eye irritation is another consideration. The selection of an appropriate quaternary compound for a specific shampoo formulation is important. The quaternary surfactants that are more frequently used in shampoos are quaternium-22 (Ceraphyl 60), PPG-9 diethylmonium chloride (EMCOL-CC9), and quaternium-26 (Ceraphyl 65), which have the following structures: where n has an average of 9.
Facial Reanimation Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Demetrius Evriviades, Nicholas White
Non-surgical strategies to protect the eye are used whilst waiting for a damaged facial nerve to recover or sometimes, in a well-motivated patient, as a permanent solution for the eye as an alternative to surgery. The aim is to prevent exposure dermatitis of the corneal leading to ulceration and blindness. Adequate provision of ocular lubricants during the day is essential and the patient must be taught how to tape the lids closed at night to prevent desiccation. Eye irritation mandates ophthalmology review.
Clinical features of COVID-19 rapid antigen test exposures reported by an Australian poisons information centre: a prospective study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Katherine Chiew, Nicole E. Wright, Rose Cairns
There were 218 exposures to rapid antigen test buffer solutions over the approximate seven-month period. Most exposures were unintentional, via the oral route, and involved toddlers (Table 1). Follow-up information was obtained for 164 cases (75%). Of the 53 sodium azide exposures, there were 35 with follow-up (66%), and out of the 165 non-sodium azide or unknown ingredient exposures, there were 129 with follow-up (78%). The vast majority of oral exposures were asymptomatic, with only a few reporting minor or likely unrelated symptoms, including diarrhoea (n = 1), nausea (n = 1), headache (n = 1), and wheeze (n = 1). For nasal, dermal, and ocular exposures, the majority remained asymptomatic or developed minor transient symptoms. Nasal irritation (n = 1) and minor nasal bleeding (n = 1) were reported; however, these symptoms may have been due to the application of the collection swab. Other symptoms reported were skin irritation (n = 1) and eye irritation/stinging (n = 4).
Wettability and contact angle affect precorneal retention and pharmacodynamic behavior of microspheres
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Hanyu Liu, Xinyue Han, Huamei Li, Qi Tao, Jie Hu, Shuo Liu, Huaixin Liu, Jun Zhou, Wei Li, Fan Yang, Qineng Ping, Shijie Wei, Hongmei Liu, Huaqing Lin, Dongzhi Hou
Eye irritation is accompanied by eye blinks and increased tear secretion as a defense mechanism for the recovery of normal conditions. When confronted with these discomforts, the defense mechanism may be a more rapid loss of the drug with a reduction of the therapeutic response. The most commonly used method to evaluate eye irritation is the Draize test on rabbit eyes, which are more sensitive than human eyes. Macroscopic changes were evaluated by the Draize rabbit eye test of the cornea, iris, conjunctiva, edema, and secretions of rabbit eyes after exposure to the preparations. Tissues exposed to Betoptic and MIDFDS did not show any obvious differences from those that received the saline control, because there was no edema, bleeding or inflammation detected. H&E-stained sections of ocular tissues confirmed that repeated dosing of Betoptic and MIDFDS did not alter the structure of the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, or iris (Figure 6(g)). These results indicated that Betoptic and MIDFDS will not stimulate or damage the eye tissue and may be suitable for short-term or long-term local eye application. Although the biocompatibility of Betoptic was inferior to that of MIDFDS according to the cytotoxicity and hemolysis experiments, the difference in irritation at the cellular level was not enough to cause significant histological changes in rabbits in vivo. It should be noted that glaucoma treatment generally requires long-term administration; therefore, the Draize experiment in this study was performed for 72 h.
Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of an isoliquiritigenin-loaded ophthalmic nanoemulsion for the treatment of corneal neovascularization
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Rui Zhang, Jingjing Yang, Qing Luo, Jieran Shi, Haohang Xu, Junjie Zhang
The HL% of the cornea is a significant indicator for assessing the degree of corneal tissue injury (Yang et al., 2022). Specifically, the normal HL% value of the cornea should be between 75 and 83%, while the corneal hydration level increased to 83%, which suggested that the damage to corneal epithelium and endothelial cells was irreversible. In this investigation, the results demonstrated that the HL% in both groups was within the normal range, indicating that both the ISL-NE and ISL-Susp did not impair the corneal epithelium and endothelial cells, and neither of the two preparations obviously stimulated the cornea. This result is consistent with that of the eye irritation study.