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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Extensor digitorum brevis manus can be mistaken for a dorsal wrist ganglion, tendon sheath cyst, infectious mass, bone spur (exostosis), synovitis, hemangioma, rheumatoid tenosynovitis, or a soft tissue tumor (Gahhos and Ariyan 1983; Rodríguez-Niedenführ et al. 2002; Ammendolia 2008; Ranade et al. 2008; Gonzalez and Netscher 2016). Though largely asymptomatic, extensor digitorum brevis manus may present as a tender, painful, and/or swollen mass (Gahhos and Ariyan 1983), particularly if it is present on the dominant hand, potentially due to compression of the hypertrophied muscle in the fourth dorsal compartment (Ross and Troy 1969; Patel et al. 1989).
Lower Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The muscles of the leg are divided into an anterior or extensor compartment of the leg, a lateral or fibular compartment of the leg, and a posterior or flexor compartment of the leg (Table 5.3). Developmentally and evolutionarily, the anterior and lateral compartments are both derived from an ancestral/common extensor group of muscles. This derivation explains why in adult humans both muscles of the anterior and of the lateral compartments of the leg are innervated by the common fibular nerve (anterior compartment by the deep fibular nerve; lateral compartment by the superficial fibular nerve). The short extensors that insert on the digits (extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis) are part of the anterior compartment of the leg, and not true intrinsic (ventral, or plantar) foot muscles; accordingly, they are also innervated by the deep fibular nerve. Thus, knowing the developmental histories of the leg muscles makes it easier to understand their innervation patterns without resorting to memorization.
The neurological examination
Published in Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (Figure 11.2i) Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L5 and S1).Function: Extension of metatarsophalangeal joints of the second through fifth toes.Physical examination: The patient tries to dorsiflex the proximal phalanges of the toes against resistance.
Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy secondary to prolonged sitting in an adolescent patient
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Şükran Güzel, Selin Ozen, Sacide Nur Coşar
Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of the median, ulnar, tibial and sural nerves were normal. F-wave responses of bilateral tibial and common peroneal nerves were also within the normal range. Recordings over the bilateral extensor digitorum brevis muscles revealed low-amplitude peroneal responses compatible with conduction block between the fibular head and knee (Table 1). Needle electromyography revealed fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves with reduced motor unit action potential recruitment in the peroneal-innervated muscles, including the tibialis anterior and peroneal longus (Table 2). There was no electrophysiological evidence of peripheral polyneuropathy or lumbar radiculopathy. The electrophysiological findings were compatible with bilateral common peroneal mononeuropathy across the fibular head.
Disease activity affects the recurrent deformities of the lesser toes after resection arthroplasty for rheumatoid forefoot deformity
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Taro Kasai, Gen Momoyama, Yuichi Nagase, Tetsuro Yasui, Sakae Tanaka, Takumi Matsumoto
All patients were treated using the modified Hoffmann procedure, which consisted of resection of all 5 metatarsal heads through 3 dorsal incisions instead of the single plantar incision used by Hoffmann [6,11]. The 3 longitudinal skin incisions on the dorsum of the foot were placed over the first MTP joint, the second intermetatarsal space for approaching the second and third metatarsals, and the fourth intermetatarsal space for approaching the fourth and fifth metatarsals. The MTP joints were exposed through the interval between the extensor digitorum brevis and longus tendons. The amount of resected bone was determined depending on the severity of preoperative deformities and the total balance of lengths of all metatarsals, making the first and second toes equal in length and the length gently tapering from the second toe to the fifth toe [19]. All toes and metatarsals were temporarily stabilized using longitudinally positioned Kirschner wires that extended percutaneously from the toe tip, across the metatarsal head resection cleft, and into the shaft of the corresponding metatarsal (Figure 2(A,B)). Patients were allowed to bear weight on the heel, as tolerated, using a heel weight-bearing shoe immediately after the surgery. The Kirschner wires were removed 3 weeks after surgery, and the patients were allowed to walk on the whole sole of the foot in normal shoes. It was not mandatory to wear the insole during postoperative period, and the duration of use of the insole was not uniform being dependent on the surgeon’s or patient’s preference.
Arthroscopic triple arthrodesis for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis; a case report
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2021
Tomoyuki Nakasa, Yasunari Ikuta, Munekazu Kanemitsu, Nobuo Adachi
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised as a systemic inflammatory disease, which causes multiple joint destruction. It is common for the feet and ankles of RA patients to be inflicted with several deformities, such as hallux valgus, claw toes, and metatarsophalangeal subluxations [1]. Hindfoot arthritis might develop into severe joint destruction, subsequently progressing to hindfoot malalignment. As RA hindfoot deformity causes painful disability and a consequent notable decrease in daily living activities, surgical treatment might be required to improve symptoms. For such patients, surgical fusion of the subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints (triple arthrodesis) is commonly carried out to realign the hindfoot and subsequently to relieve symptoms, with previous reports showing good clinical results [2,3]. Standard open triple arthrodesis has a variety of approaches, including the lateral approach, which lifts the extensor digitorum brevis for access to the subtalar joint and calcaneocuboid joint, and a medial approach between the anterior and posterior tibial tendons for access to the talonavicular joint [4]. However, larger wounds produce more soft tissue stripping, which has several disadvantages, such as the risk of wound complications and non-union [3,5,6].