China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Spinal Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum, through the spinal canal to terminate between T12 and L3 (usually the lower margin of the L1 vertebral body). Below this level, the canal contains the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves (the cauda equina nerve roots). The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid contained within the dura mater. There is an epidural space between the dura mater and the bony canal containing extradural fat and blood vessels. The spinal canal diameter varies along the length of the spine with the narrowest areas in the sub-axial cervical and thoracic regions. Pre-existing degeneration can cause further narrowing of the spinal canal and hence fractures of the cervical and thoracic spine are frequently complicated by spinal cord injury.7
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The three meningeal layers, as described surrounding the brain, also enclose the spinal cord. The dura mater layer extends down to the level of the second sacral vertebra and is lined on its inner surface by the arachnoid mater. The pia mater layer firmly adheres to the cord's surface. Laterally, the cord is suspended within the dural sheath by serrated denticulate ligaments, which effectively create a shelf between the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
The arterial supply to the dura mater consists of Anterior meningeal arteries which are branches of the ethmoidal arteryMiddle and accessory meningeal arteries arising from the maxillary arteryPosterior meningeal artery which is a branch of the ascending pharyngeal arteryMeningeal branches from the occipital artery and vertebral artery
Targeting CGRP for migraine treatment: mechanisms, antibodies, small molecules, perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Eleonora De Matteis, Martina Guglielmetti, Raffaele Ornello, Valerio Spuntarelli, Paolo Martelletti, Simona Sacco
The primary role of the CNS in triggering a migraine attack in susceptible subjects led to the current view of migraine as a neural disorder. However, migraine pain is a consequence of neurovascular mechanisms [38], thus, the role of intracranial vasculature remains significant. Early studies showed that direct stimulation of dura mater surrounding dural and cerebral blood vessels is able to evoke a pain sensation in humans [38,39]. This phenomenon is related to the rich innervation of dural blood vessels by trigeminal C and Aδ-type fibers, responsible for nociception [23]. Once activated, the fibers release CGRP and substance P causing the so-called ‘sterile neurogenic inflammation’, which consists on capillary permeability, plasma protein extravasation, arterial vasodilatation, and mast cell activation [40–43], with the consequent release of mediators which further activate meningeal nociceptors [44]. Even if the role of neurogenic inflammation in conjunction with acute migraine attacks is still debated, it is not possible to exclude the potential involvement of inflammatory processes in migraine chronification [45].
Preparation and characterization of a novel acellular swim bladder as dura mater substitute
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Qing Li, Fenghua Zhang, Hongmei Wang, Tao Pan
Dura mater defect caused by mechanical damage or intracranial surgery is a common problem in neurosurgery. The dural repair operation can effectively prevent postoperative complications, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and epilepsy [1,2]. Nowadays materials used for dural repair are mainly classified as synthetic polymers materials, biopolymer materials and allogeneic biological membranes [3–5], such as electrostatic spinning poly (lactic acid) (PLA) film [6], bovine tendon collagen sponge [7] and acellular bovine pericardium [8] . However, the shortcomings of these materials limited their clinical application. The degraded products of PLA film were lactic acid, which could cause non-specific, aseptic inflammation. The mammal-sourced biological materials, such as bovine tendon collagen sponge and acellular bovine pericardium, could not avoid the risk of allergen and pathogens.
Effect of Methyl Palmitate on the Formation of Epidural Fibrosis in an Experimental Epidural Fibrosis Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2018
Zahir Kizilay, Nesibe Kahraman Cetin
Fibrous tissue was examined in hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome-stained sections using an Olympus BX52 microscope and was photographed using an Olympus DP 25 camera. The extent of EF along with the dura mater was evaluated according to the scale described by He et al. [4]. The presence of arachnoidal involvement was also noted. Grade 0: The dura mater was free of scar tissue.Grade 1: Only thin fibrous bands were observed between the scar tissue and dura mater.Grade 2: Continuous adherence was observed in less than two-thirds of the laminectomy defect.Grade 3: Scar tissue adherence was large, affecting more than two-thirds of the laminectomy defect, or the adherence extended to the nerve roots.