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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Sargon et al. (1999) found variations of the anterior digastric muscle in 5 out of 99 cadavers (5.1%). Accessory bellies of the anterior digastric were found in four cadavers. The absence of the anterior belly on one side and an atypical origin of the muscle on the other side were observed in the fifth cadaver. In a sample of 54 cadavers, Fujimura et al. (2003) found variations of the anterior belly of the digastric in 13 cases (24.1%). In a sample of ten cadavers, Liquidato et al. (2007) found variations of digastricus anterior in four cases (40%). In a sample of 30 cadavers, Khona et al. (2017) found accessory bellies of the anterior digastric in three cadavers (10%). In a sample of 19 cadavers, Zdilla et al. (2018) found that the arrowhead variation was present in two cadavers (10.5%). In a sample of 15 cadavers, Hsiao and Chang (2019) found accessory anterior bellies of the digastric in three cases (20%).
Anatomy of the Lower Face and Neck
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Evan Ransom, Stephen A. Goldstein
The masseter and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3). This nerve exits the skull base at the foramen ovale, descends in the parapharyngeal space, and then forms multiple distal branches with motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components. The motor branch to the masseter innervates the muscle fibers from the deep surface and is generally not at risk during facial rejuvenation procedures. More anteriorly, the mandibular branch provides the motor innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, making rotation of this portion an excellent option in repair of a permanent marginal branch injury with lower face asymmetry (18). The posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by a short branch off the proximal facial nerve.
Emergency Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Alastair Brookes, Yiu-Che Chan, Rebecca Fish, Fung Joon Foo, Aisling Hogan, Thomas Konig, Aoife Lowery, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Colin Walsh, John Wang, Ting Hway Wong
Bleeding is noted to be emanating from the distal ICA, from a zone III injury. You can't get to it from a standard zone II neck exploration incision (mastoid process to sternoclavicular joint). What are some surgical manoeuvers that you can do to attain more distal control?Incise the anterior digastric muscle.Sublux the mandibular condyle anteriorly at the temporomandibular joint (request ENT assistance) (Figure 11.6).Mandibular osteotomy (Figure 11.7).Ligation of distal ICA may be the only solution if the transected artery has retracted and not amenable to reconstruction.
Sonographic findings of immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis and differences from Sjögren’s syndrome
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2022
Y Liu, Z Wang, L Ren, Q Zeng, Z Wang, W Bian, Y Zhang, J Fu, D Chen, G Yu, S Zhang, Z Li
All patients were examined by grey-scale and colour Doppler ultrasonography by the same examiner during their clinical visit. Ultrasonography was performed using a 9–12 MHz transducer (Aplio 500; Toshiba, Otawara, Japan) (8). The Doppler mode was applied to the parotid and submandibular glands using a PLT-805AT probe with a colour Doppler frequency of 5.3 MHz, Doppler gain of 40, and a pulse repetition frequency of 10.4 kHz (9). The bilateral parotid and submandibular glands were scanned and static images were documented. The parotid glands were assessed in both the longitudinal and the transverse planes. While using the mandibular ramus and temporomandibular joint condyle as landmarks in the transverse plane perpendicular to the mandibular bone, the probe was positioned parallel to the mandibular ramus in the longitudinal plane. The submandibular glands were assessed in the longitudinal and transverse planes at the posterior part of the submandibular triangle, the margins of which are formed by the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle and the body of the mandible (10).
Swallow-Induced Eyelid Myokymia: A Novel Synkinesis Syndrome
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2020
Amrita-Amanda D. Vuppala, Gregory J. Griepentrog, Ryan D. Walsh
We hypothesise that swallow-induced eyelid myokymia, as seen in our patient, is the result of aberrant regeneration involving facial nerve innervations to suprahyoid and orbicularis oculi muscles. The suprahyoid muscles include the stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and digastric muscles, and are involved in tongue/mouth movements and swallowing. In particular, the stylohyoid muscle and posterior belly of the digastric receive innervation from branches of the facial nerve,23 and function to open the jaw as well as acting as laryngeal elevators, thus assisting in mastication and swallowing. The mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric receive innervation from the mandibular branch of the fifth nerve, and the geniohyoid is supplied by the C1 nerve roots which run within the hypoglossal nerve. The orbicularis oculi, the co-innervated muscle in this patient’s proposed synkinesis, is a subcutaneous muscle that is innervated by the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve. It is a muscle of eye closure and also plays a role in tear drainage by helping to ensure proper functioning of the lacrimal pump.
Single clip: An improvement of the filament-perforation mouse subarachnoid haemorrhage model
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Jianhua Peng, Yue Wu, Jinwei Pang, Xiaochuan Sun, Ligang Chen, Yue Chen, Jiping Tang, John H. Zhang, Yong Jiang
Same as the classic technique, a midline incision was performed on the neck. Specifically, we first separated the digastric muscle posterior belly. Then, the bifurcation of the ECA and ICA was exposed. The ECA was ligated as far cranially as possible (the superior thyroid artery (STA) was fully reserved). Then, prearrange one ligation for the filament around the ECA stump. Next, the PPA and ICA were exposed (does not need to traced the ICA completely).The ECA was temporarily occluded by a microclip (Roboz Surgical Instrument Co., Inc., Gaithersburg, USA). A 5–0 prolene filament (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) was advanced into the ECA, and the reserve line was then tied. After the clips were removed, the ECA was traced in a cranial direction. The following steps were performed as previously described (Figure 1a–b).