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Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Dental Tissues
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Febe Carolina Vázquez Vázquez, Jael Adrián Vergara-Lope Núñez, Juan José Montesinos, Patricia González-Alva
During tooth development, root formation begins with the apical proliferation of epithelial cells from the cervical loop. Then, proliferating epithelial cells give shape to the apical papilla, a soft tissue found at the apices of developing permanent teeth. The dental papilla contributes to tooth formation and is eventually converted into pulp tissue (Liu et al. 2015; Sonoyama et al. 2006).
Odontogenic Epithelium and its Residues
Published in Roger M. Browne, Investigative Pathology of the Odontogenic Cysts, 2019
Development of tooth shape to provide a heterodont dentition is determined by the dental papilla during the bell stage. While some workers have suggested that the ectodermal component of teeth is responsible for tooth shape,27,28 other studies29,30 with heterotopic recombinations of molar and incisor epithelium and mesenchyme have demonstrated that crown shape always reflects the origin of the dental papilla. At the late bell stage, however, the enamel organ appears to demonstrate relative morphogenetic stability.25 Differential mitotic activity within the inner enamel epithelium could provide an explanation for specific crown morphogenesis.31,32 It has been suggested23 that time and space specific, dental papillae dependent, basement membrane modifications might explain these differential mitotic activities during crown morphogenesis.
Mouth and throat, face, and the five senses
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
In Chapter 12 the concept of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions was introduced in the context of skin development. Here, we consider an additional example of such interactions in the development of the tooth. The tooth arises from an interaction between oral epithelium and mesenchyme, with the epithelial component becoming the enamel organ and the mesenchyme becoming the dental papilla. The enamel organ contains ameloblasts, cells that give rise to the enamel of the developing tooth, while the dental papilla contains odontoblasts, cells derived from migratory neural crest cells, which give rise to the dentin of the developing tooth.
Expression Levels of WNT Signaling Pathway Genes During Early Tooth Development
Published in Organogenesis, 2023
Yuhan Song, Fujie Song, Xuan Xiao, Zhifeng Song, Shangfeng Liu
Dickkopf-related protein 1(Dkk1) is a typical antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by competing for the Wnt receptor LRP5/6. The mutation of Dkk1 may cause oligodontia and short root anomaly.27,66 Researchers observed that strong expression of Dkk1 was localized in preodontoblasts on the labial side of the incisors.67 At postnatal day 2, Dkk1 is prominently expressed in the preodontoblasts and odontoblasts in mouse molar germs.68 In Dkk1 transgenic mice, overexpression of Dkk1 in pulp and odontoblast cells delayed the maturation of dentinogenesis during post-natal development.69 The dental crown begins to form in the late bell stage (P1). In this stage, peripheral cells of the dental papilla differentiate into odontoblasts that secrete dentin. Our results demonstrated that Dkk1 was significantly expressed in the P1 phase, which indicated that Dkk1 played an important role in the formation of dentin.
Dental stem cells in tooth regeneration and repair in the future
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Christian Morsczeck, Torsten E. Reichert
Somatic dental stem cells are also located in other tissues of the tooth, all of which come from the dental mesoderm [20]. Two dental mesodermal tissues can be obtained from postnatal teeth: the dental pulp and the PDL. While the enamel organ is almost lost before tooth eruption, two mesodermal tooth germ tissues, the apical dental papilla and the dental follicle, can be obtained from impacted third molar teeth [7,8]. Interestingly, these tooth germ tissues are probably the only available embryonic-like tissues in healthy human adults. They are also the progenitors either for the dental pulp (apical dental papilla) or for the PDL (dental follicle). Stem cells of the apical dental papilla and of the dental follicle are related to stem cells of the dental pulp and to stem cells of the PDL, respectively. This article focuses mainly on dental mesodermal stem cells and describes their opportunities for cell therapies in the future. Furthermore, we are speculating about the necessary basic research, which must be carried out before dental stem cells can be used successfully in the clinic. Finally this article briefly discusses the potential of dental stem cells for immunotherapies and those of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for whole tooth regeneration.
Dental stem cells for tooth regeneration: how far have we come and where next?
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
At the beginning of tooth development in the first (mandibular) arch of an embryo the tooth germ consists of two tissues: the dental mesoderm, which originates from neural crest cells, and the dental ectoderm, which is part of the surface ectoderm [3,4]. These two types of cells are the origin of the tooth germ and make up the entire tooth [5]. However, during development these two dental cell types become three tissues, one derived from the ectoderm – enamel organ – and two from the mesoderm – dental papilla and dental follicle (dental sac) [6,7]. While the enamel organ is the source of ameloblasts and is heavily involved in tooth crown morphology, some dental epithelial cells become Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath cells involved in tooth root development [8]. The dental mesodermal tissues deliver stem cells for the development of the tooth root and the dental pulp/dentin complex [9]. Interestingly, both dental mesodermal tissues can be harvested from impacted wisdom teeth and their stem cells isolated and used for different applications [10]. In contrast, the enamel organ and most dental ectodermal cells are lost beforehand. Only epithelial rests of Malassez can be obtained for example from impacted wisdom teeth, but a significant number of dental ectodermal progenitor cells cannot be isolated from this source [11,12]. Moreover, these cells are not the genuine progenitors for ameloblasts and it remains nuclear whether they can be used as ectodermal tooth germ cells in whole tooth regeneration approaches, which is the most advanced goal in regenerative dentistry. This article first summarizes the state of the art in tooth engineering.