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Corneal Disorders
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Darren S. J. Ting, Rashmi Deshmukh, Daniel S. W. Ting, Marcus Ang
Amongst all, keratoconus and FECD are two of the most commonly investigated corneal diseases. This is primarily attributed to the high disease prevalence and the need for corneal transplantation for the severe form of these diseases, which places substantial burden on the limited pool of donor corneas.95 Over the years, GWLS have successfully identified a number of genetic mutations implicated in keratoconus, including COL8A1, CAST, LOX, TCEB1, and TGFBI genes, amongst others.124 GWAS has increasingly been used to identify genetic susceptibility regions in keratoconus and FECD.124,125 For instance, McComish et al.115 recently identified a novel genetic locus in PNPLA2 at chromosome 11 for keratoconus based on over 6 million genetic variants. Several novel genetic loci for FECD, including TCF4, KANK4 rs79742895, LAMC1 rs3768617, and LINC00970/ATP1B1 rs1200114, have also been discovered through GWAS.119 Next-generation sequencing (NGS), which represents the most comprehensive tool in identifying genomic variants,126 has recently been utilized to unravel novel mutations associated with other types of corneal dystrophy.127
Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Food poison and genetic disorders can deteriorate the intestinal system, herein; intestinal progenitor cells (IPCs) can renew goblet mucosa and treat intestinal defects (Shaffiey et al. 2016). Limbal progenitor stem cells’ (LPSCs) transplantation can treat corneal diseases by reviving corneal tissues (Ksander et al. 2014). In muscular deformities, PEG fibrinogen coaxed mesoangioblasts can restore muscle fibrils in the management of muscle abnormalities (Fuoco et al. 2015). Adipose-derived stem cells (AdSCs) are used in eye diseases and diabetic retinopathy by producing and restoring vasoprotective factors (Cronk et al. 2015).
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
In addition to its role in the control of light entering the posterior portions of the eye, the iris also actively participates in inflammation. Inflammation of the iris is termed iritis, but if the inflammation involves both the iris and the ciliary body it is termed iridocyclitis, or more commonly anterior uveitis. Because of its vascular nature, the iris is very sensitive to systemic toxins and infectious agents. In addition, a reflex pathway is present that results in inflammation of the anterior uveal tissue when the sensory innervation of the cornea, via the fifth cranial nerve, is stimulated. It is for this reason that animals with severe corneal disease often have a concomitant anterior uveitis. Also, when ulcerated, the cornea may allow passage of exotoxins into the anterior chamber, or alter the aqueous humor pH or oxygenation and result in inflammation. The clinical signs of inflammation are miosis, ocular hyperemia, increased protein, and cells in the aqueous humor, photophobia, and either an increase and/or a decrease in the intraocular pressure, depending on the species involved and the duration of the inflammation.
A prospective randomized clinical trial of active-fluidics versus gravity-fluidics system in phacoemulsification for age-related cataract (AGSPC)
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Yu Luo, Hongyu Li, Wenqian Chen, Yi Gao, Tianju Ma, Zi Ye, Zhaohui Li
Similar to the study results of Oh and colleagues [17], there was no significant difference in BCVA between the two groups at one month and three months postoperatively. However, the recovery of BCVA in the early postoperative period (one day and one week) was significantly better in the AFS group. This variation might be strongly related to the higher incidence of corneal adverse events in the GFS group [30,31]. The corneal injuries, which influence the BCVA, like corneal edema and endothelial loss after phacoemulsification have been reported [32,33]. The injuries were attributed to the ultrasound energy and fluid turbulence. Damaged endothelial cells could not regenerate, and the “pump-leak” function, which maintains stromal hydration, is possessed only by healthy endothelium [32,34]. Therefore, it is essential to reduce intraoperative harms, particularly in patients combined with corneal diseases. When the corneal indicators at different time points were analysed, we found that the recovery time for CCT was longer in the GFS group, where a significantly higher CV at one day postoperatively was also recorded. These results suggested that even in cases of comparable CDE and EFU, the application of the AFS could reduce cornea injuries, with shorter postoperative recovery time and better early postoperative BCVA. The phenomenon might be related to the stable fluidics of the AFS, which is able to reduce turbulent flushing of the perfusate from damaging the corneal endothelium [19].
Assessment of patient-reported outcome measures used in corneal transplantation: a systematic review
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Mallika Prem Senthil, Ranjay Chakraborty, Jeremiah Lim
Corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness.39 A successful corneal transplant might be able to restore vision partially or completely. Corneal transplantation is the most frequent type of transplant done worldwide and there has been a considerable evolution in the past two decades, such that instead of removing the entire cornea, the diseased layer can now be selectively replaced. In this systematic review, it was found that PROMs employed in corneal transplantation were used to: (1) assess QoL after surgery, (2) determine the relationship between QoL and objective measures and (3) compare the QoL scores between different corneal transplant techniques. Most of the studies showed an improvement in the QoL scores at three, six and 12 months after corneal transplantation.20,21,32,35,40 Improvement in the QoL scores were demonstrated after PKP,20 DALK,32 and DSAEK.35 However, the QoL scores did not significantly differ between different age groups, gender, and laterality of the transplant.25,41
Awareness on Eye Donation in the North-eastern State of Tripura, India – The Tripura Eye Survey
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Srinivas Marmamula, Ruchi Priya, Rajashekar Varada, Jill E Keeffe
Globally, 5% of the vision loss is attributed to corneal opacities in2010.1 Corneal transplantation is a standard procedure that offers the potential for sight restoration to those with vision loss from corneal diseases. Over 12.7 million people worldwide are estimated to benefit from corneal transplantation.2 Unfortunately, half of the global population does not have access to corneal transplantation due to limited eye banking services.3 In India, there are approximately 6.8 million people with visual acuity worse than 6/60 in at least one eye due to corneal blindness and about a million with bilateral corneal involvement.4 The number of individuals with unilateral corneal blindness in India was estimated as 10.6 million in 2020.5 The major causes of corneal-related vision loss include trachoma, corneal ulcerations, xerophthalmia, ophthalmia neonatorum, harmful traditional eye medicines, onchocerciasis, leprosy, and ocular trauma.6