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Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
Widespread/diffuse traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a common characteristic of nearly all traumatically induced brain injury.128 TAI impacts cortical and subcortical pathways that serve the distributed network of discrete cortical regions in which features that define an object or experience are stored. Both storage and recall of information are necessarily impacted by TAI and made less efficient. TAI is most frequently seen in the long tracts of the midline structures of the brain.129 The cingulum is thought to be an important structure in the transfer of information from distributed regions of the brain to association cortices for integration. As such, the prevalence of TAI in the regions of the brain surrounding the cingulum will necessarily impact information transfer.
The Central Nervous System Organization of Behavior
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
The cingulum is a band of tissues within the cingulate gyrus that connect the anterior perforated substance (which receives some olfactory input) with the parahippocampal gyrus. As an association pathway of the limbic system, it projects to the uncinate fasciculus in the temporal lobe tip, which projects to the inferofrontal region.
Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Psychosurgery involves rhe treatment of mental disorders by using surgical techniques. Perhaps the best-known psychosurgical procedure was the prefrontal lobotomy of popular literature, although it is atypical of current procedures. Current procedures use stereotaxy, a term derived from the Greek stereos, meaning "solid" (thus, three-dimensional) and taxis, which means "arrangement," as in "taxidermy" or "taxonomy." Stereotaxy is a technique using precise three-dimensional measurements to determine the position of the tissue and "cutting" it with a cryoprobe, electric cautery, or other technique to make selective lesions in smaller areas of the brain. The procedure is useful in relieving intractable pain, severe depression, obsessional neurosis, and chronic anxiety, usually without adverse effects. The terminology applied to other psychosurgical procedures generally follows the same pattern, usually relying on the root for structure and the suffix for the procedure. For example, cingulectomy refers to excision of the cingulum, the bundle of nerve fibers in each cerebral hemisphere surrounding the corpus callosum, which joins the two hemispheres. Similarly, amygdalectomy is the surgical excision of the amygdala, which is involved in mood, feeling, and memory of recent events.
Microstructural white matter alterations associated to neurocognitive deficits in childhood leukemia survivors treated with cranial radiotherapy – a diffusional kurtosis study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Cecilia Follin, Daniel Svärd, Danielle van Westen, Isabella M. Björkman-Burtscher, Pia C. Sundgren, Sigridur Fjalldal, Jimmy Lätt, Markus Nilsson, Aki Johanson, Eva Marie Erfurth
We report decreased MK and RK in both the dorsal and ventral cingulum indicating a functional impairment and neurodegeneration in association with impaired performance in episodic memory. Pathology of the cingulum is one of the earliest changes in development of dementia [30]. The cingulum plays a critical role in brain structure connectivity and integration of information storage, including taking memory information and integrating to other parts of the brain, in particular hippocampus. The dorsal section of the cingulum is related to visual and spatial memory, whilst the ventral cingulum is important for episodic memory [31]. However, we report an association of MK and RK in the right ventral cingulum to Rey complex figure, a test of the visual episodic long-term memory (Figure 2). This test investigates how we remember specific past events embedded in a spatial and temporal framework. In addition, the association with episodic memory was only significant in the right cingulum but not in the left which is in line with older subjects developing profound neurocognitive impairments and atrophy of the right hippocampus [32]. There are also similarities between the ALL survivors and patients with Alzheimer´s disease shown by impaired diffusion in cingulum [33], suggesting a risk of developing early-onset dementia.
Cortico-limbic connectivity as a possible biomarker for bipolar disorder: where are we now?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Benedetta Vai, Carlotta Bertocchi, Francesco Benedetti
Altered FA and RD in key WM tracts implicated in emotion regulation (i.e. cingulum [152]) were observed in several studies of adults and youth with BD. Specifically, the cingulum is linked to subcortical regions, PFC, superior longitudinal fasciculus and other prefrontal and parietal cortical regions involved in attentional control [153]. In youth BD, greater bilateral cingulum length predicts future levels of behavioral and emotional dysregulation, possibly expressing mechanisms of resilience [154]. From a prevention perspective, another study showed that the response to lithium treatment in pediatric BD is associated with normalization of WM microstructure in the left cingulum [155]. These results are in line with our previous study: less active GSK3-β rs334558*C gene-promoter variants, and the long-term administration of the GSK3-β inhibitor lithium, are linked to increases of AD and MD in WM fiber tracts [156].
Repatriation is associated with isthmus cingulate cortex reduction in community-dwelling elderly
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2018
Raffaella Calati, Jerome J Maller, Chantal Meslin, Jorge Lopez-Castroman, Karen Ritchie, Philippe Courtet, Sylvaine Artero
Among others, the areas of the cingulum have been extensively examined but structural changes have been mostly observed in rostral areas. More recently the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was reported to be reduced in late-onset depression (Lim et al. 2012). Moreover, a PCC role in the mediation of emotional resilience to stress has been reported (Wood et al. 2015) as well as a higher activation in acute PTSD during functional magnetic resonance imaging (Ke et al. 2015). In addition, the isthmus cingulate cortex (ICC) volume was reported to be bilaterally reduced in highly traumatised male refugees with and without PTSD in comparison with non-traumatised controls (Eckart et al. 2011). However, in this study a high comorbidity between PTSD and major depression was present, so the effect of depression could not be disentangled. In fact, a role of ICC in depression has been reported as well: reduced right ICC volume was found to be associated with lower depressed mood (McLaren et al. 2016). Hence, considering the increasing interest in the relation between SLE exposure and cingulum caudal portions, this area could be a further candidate for the study of stress related changes.