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Systemic causes of CSF rhinorrhea
Published in Jyotirmay S. Hegde, Hemanth Vamanshankar, CSF Rhinorrhea, 2020
Hemanth Vamanshankar, Jyotirmay S Hegde
A rare congenital abnormality first described by Kindler in 1970.1 It is due to the failure of closure of embryonic choroid fissure. Presentation is usually unilateral, with loss/ impaired vision, hypertelorism, strabismus and leukocoria. Fundoscopic examination reveals a funnel-shaped optic nerve head with a central white point of glial tissue surrounded by an elevated annulus of chorioretinal pigment disturbance, thus giving the appearance of a morning glory flower2,3 (Figures 8.1 and 8.2). Other abnormalities associated with morning glory syndrome are cleft palate, hypopituitarism, mental retardation, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. This syndrome is seen in 67.7% of basal encephaloceles (another rare entity seen in 1:35000 live births).4 Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea is the usual presentation in cases of basal encephaloceles.
Mouth and throat, face, and the five senses
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Early in development, even before the anterior neuropore (the opening at the cephalic end of the neural tube) has closed, a pair of lateral outpocketings arise from the walls of the forebrain (the portion destined to become the diencephalon). These optic vesicles grow out toward the overlying ectoderm on the sides of the developing head. As they do this, the portion of each closest to the wall of the brain constricts to form a relatively narrow optic stalk. Each optic vesicle develops a ventro-lateral inpocketing, which converts it into a two-layered optic cup with a break in its wall (called the choroid fissure). This fissure is carried back along the optic stalk to provide a pathway for the growth of the optic nerve toward the brain (Figure 17.7). The optic cups give rise to the retinas. The inner layer of the cup—the nervous layer—develops photoreceptor cells (called rods and cones), which receive light energy and change it into nerve impulses. The outer layer of the cup—the pigmented layer—becomes increasingly pigmented as development proceeds, so as to absorb light not intercepted by the nervous layer.
The viva: operative surgery and surgical anatomy
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad, Neurosurgery, 2014
Vivian A. Elwell, Ramez Kirollos, Syed Al-Haddad
Demonstrate knowledge regarding neuroanatomical principles of temporal lobectomy, extratemporal resections, subpial transections, vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) insertion, anatomy and approaches to choroid plexus, choroid fissure, hippocampus and amygdala. Discuss surgery outcome scales.
Seizure and cognitive outcomes of posterior quadrantic disconnection: a series of 12 pediatric patients
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Yao Wang, Chao Zhang, Xiu Wang, Lin Sang, Feng Zhou, Jian-Guo Zhang, Wen-Han Hu, Kai Zhang
After this procedure, the fibres mentioned in 1)–3) above were disconnected with remaining fibres as follows: 5) hippocampal efferent fibres; 6) projection fibres from the amygdala; 7) fibres through the anterior commissure between the anterior temporal lobe and limbic cortex; and 8) projection fibres from the insula to the basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem.(3) Stage III: Mesial temporal resection: After the opening of the temporal horn, the amygdala was revealed in the anteromedial part. The amygdala was removed along with resection of the subdural uncinate gyrus. The superior boundary of the amygdala resection was located at the top of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The hippocampus was exposed and resected along the temporal horn and choroid fissure.
Review on the current treatment status of vein of Galen malformations and future directions in research and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Panagiotis Primikiris, Georgios Hadjigeorgiou, Maria Tsamopoulou, Alessandra Biondi, Christina Iosif
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VOGMs) are rare, congenital, high-flow, intracranial vascular disorders accounting for about 1% of all pediatric congenital anomalies [1,2]. VOGM is located in the subarachnoid space in the choroid fissure and embryologically related to the development of the choroid plexus. It is defined as arteriovenous shunts draining to the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen, called median prosencephalic vein (MProsV) of Markowski and are further sub-classified into choroidal and the mural types [3]. VOGMs result from abnormal morphogenesis of the choroidal vasculature, between the eighth and eleventh weeks of gestation [4].
Endoscopic trans-nasal repair of basal encephalocele associated with morning glory syndrome
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Ali Alshamrani, Fehid Habalrih, Ikhlass Altweijri, Saad Alsaleh, Abdulrazag Ajlan
Morning glory syndrome (MGS) is a rare congenital abnormality which was first described by Reis and by Handman as an enlarged, funnel-shaped optic disc and an elevated pigmented peripapillary tissue caused by the failure of the embryonic choroid fissure to close properly and may affect any part of the eye at the optic nerve. It was named by Kindler due to the retinal fundoscopic appearance similar to the tropical flower of the same name and it is seen in 67.7% of basal encephalocele cases.4,5