China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Targeting the Nervous System
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Tissues tend to be under a dual control system, where noradrenaline has the opposite effect to acetylcholine. Both the cholinergic system and the adrenergic system have a background level of activity and the overall response depends on which stimulus is predominant. An additional feature of the adrenergic system is the facility to release the hormone adrenaline during the ‘fight or flight’ response to prepare the body for immediate action by stimulating the heart and dilating the blood vessels to the muscles in times of perceived danger or stress, while shutting down digestion etc. the CNS also contains adrenergic receptors; noradrenaline has an important role in sleep, emotion, temperature regulation, and appetite.
Serotonin in the Intestinal Tract: A Synopsis
Published in T.S. Gaginella, J.J. Galligan, SEROTONIN and GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION, 2020
A myriad of neural transmitters and neural peptides modulate the release of 5-HT (Table 1). Perhaps the greatest amount of information is known about cholinergic modulation of 5-HT release. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors appear to be present on EC cells; both are linked to activation of 5-HT release. The interactions within the cholinergic system are complex. Mucosal 5-HT is depleted by vagal stimulation, which also causes a rise in the appearance of 5-HT in portal blood and the intestinal lumen.72 Nicotine19 and acetylcholine73 increase the release of 5-HT into the portal blood of the dog. In vitro, muscarinic agonists stimulate the release of 5-HT from the rabbit small intestine.31,74 However, in the guinea pig, nicotine (and muscarinic agonists) were noted to release 5-HT from neural or nonneural sources.37 These results are complicated by the effects of tetrodotoxin, which unmasked a muscarinic inhibition of 5-HT release. It appears that there are interrelationships between the 5-HT released by the neuronal elements and EC cells of the mucosa. The indirect (neuronally mediated) effect appears to be mediated through M1 receptors.75
Selective estrogen receptor modulators as a new postmenopausal prevention- maintenance therapy
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
V. C. Jordan, J. I. MacGregor, D. A. Tonetti
The history of pharmacology is filled with examples of the use of drugs to elucidate the complex organization of signal transduction throughout the body. Targeted blocking drugs have helped to classify adrenergic receptors into a and β (1 and 2) types and to classify histamine receptors into H-1 and H-2 types. Additionally the cholinergic system is organized into muscarinic and nicotinic receptors based on a clear-cut pharmacological classification. With this past experience as a guide, the unusual properties of non-steroidal antiestrogens have raised the possibility that these compounds could be powerful tools to elucidate the organization of the estrogenic responses throughout the body.
Neuroprotective properties of solanum leaves in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer's disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi, Tosin A. Olasehinde, Ganiyu Oboh
Oxidative stress is considered a risk factor for the onset of AD (Cosín-Tomàs et al. 2019). Studies have shown that in AD patients, the brain is marked by oxidative stress associated with accumulation of Aβ and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (Christen 2000, Huang et al. 2016). Antioxidant therapy has also been globally accepted as therapeutic intervention for AD. Due to the established link between oxidative stress and pathogenesis and progression of AD, the use of antioxidants as preventive and management therapies have been well explored. Studies have shown that intake of antioxidants is linked with lower risk of dementia, AD and cognitive impairment in aged population (Grundman and Delaney 2002, Frank and Gupta 2005, Noguchi-Shinohara et al. 2018, Yeh et al. 2021). Therefore, several antioxidants and antioxidant-rich plant extracts have been reported promising for AD and cognitive impairments. Cholinergic system dysfunction is another important risk factor for AD. Cholinergic neurons utilise the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh); these neurons have been shown to be involved in essential neurophysiological processes such attention, learning, memory, stress response, wakefulness and sleep, and sensory information (Picciotto et al. 2012 ). Damage to cholinergic neurons is believed to be involved in the etiology of AD and has been linked to cognitive impairment (Du et al. 2018). Hence, cholinesterase inhibitors were produced as a result, and they are still one of the most commonly used therapeutic medications to treat mild to moderate AD.
Shaddock (Citrus maxima) peels extract restores cognitive function, cholinergic and purinergic enzyme systems in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Adeniyi A. Adebayo, Temitope V. Popoola, Ganiyu Oboh
Activities of cholinergic neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and butyrylcholine) are regulated by cholinesterases. Cholinergic system in the central nervous system (CNS) are widely known to play crucial roles in the cognition and memory process (Marisco et al.2013, Hashimoto et al.2014). Studies have related impaired cholinergic system to dementia and other cognitive-related disorder, thus implicating the central cholinergic neurons in the cognitive process (Schliebs and Arendt 2006, Marisco et al.2013, Hashimoto et al.2014, Akinyemi et al.2017). A decrease in (essential) neurotransmitters level causes loss of dissemination of information from the brain and to other parts of the body which results in cognitive impairment. The result revealed that shaddock peels extract administration ameliorated memory dysfunction in scopolamine-treated rats as observed by an improvement of the cholinergic neurotransmitters through inhibition of cholinesterase (AChE and BChE) activities. AChE and BChE inactivate the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and are thus viable therapeutic targets in cognitive disorder (Schliebs and Arendt 2006). ACh is a neurotransmitter release from cholinergic neurons, and it has been implicated in cognitive and behavioral functions that are widely disturbed in cognitive-related disorders (Soreq and Seidman 2001, Thanvi and Lo 2004).
Investigation of the toxicological and inhibitory effects of some benzimidazole agents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
The central cholinergic system is a complex component of cell bodies and dendrites. Cerebral blood flow, cortical plasticity and cognitive performance, and learning-memory processes such as activity, sleep-wake cycle (Pfaller et al.2017). It has an important role in controlling many different functions such as modulation. Cholinergic is basal anterior brain. The presence of neurons was first reported by Shute and Lewis in 1967 and then by other researchers, confirmed by (Gonca Koçancı and Aslım 2016). Anatomically, the central cholinergic system represents a wide range neuronal network in the nervous system. The central and peripheral nervous system of adults transport intracellular alerts. Cholinacyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholine (ACh), cholinesterases (Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), cholinergic receptors (muscarinic receptors (MR) and nicotinic receptors (NR)) are components of the cholinergic system (Aslan et al.2018). AChE, neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular synapses which rapidly hydrolyze into choline and acetate playing an important role in the transmission of cholinergic nerve and is one of the most effective enzymes in the nervous system (Weinreb et al.2004).