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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
Pinocytosis is classified as caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis (Sun et al. 2019) (Table 18.2). Caveolar-mediated endocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytotic mechanism involving bulb-shaped caveolae. Caveolae are 50-60 nm plasma membrane invaginations. Caveolae are formed by caveolins, which are integral membrane proteins, and cavins are peripheral membrane proteins. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis possesses complex protein machinery that transiently assembles on the plasma membrane and creates clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles. This machinery selects and concentrates cargo molecules and shapes the membrane into a vesicle.
Cytotoxicology Studies of 2-D Nanomaterials
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Priyanka Ganguly, Ailish Breen, Suresh C. Pillai
NMs of size <200 nm are taken up via the caveolae-dependent endocytosis. This endocytosis method is a clathrin-independent intake method which is a mixture of pinocytosis and endocytosis facilitated by caveolae and glycolipid rafts. The caveolae are cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich invaginations of the plasma membrane and the glycolipid rafts are cholesterol-rich membrane fractions. The presence of the integral membrane protein caveolin helps to distinguish the invaginated domains of the plasma membrane. This technique of intake is able to avert the digestion in lysosomes of the ingested NMs. Thus, this receptor-independent endocytosis could be utilised effectually for drug or DNA delivery applications (Nabi and Le, 2003; Pelkmans et al., 2005; Richard et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2003). Rejman et al. reported the significance of the size of the particles in different endocytosis routes (Rejman et al., 2004). This study revealed that the entry portal is determined by the size of the particles. Therefore, an appropriate evaluation of other kinetic factors of internalisation could expand the drug delivery efficacy.
The Role of Light and Electromagnetic Fields in Maintaining Vascular Health
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Lysosomes begin their life as caveolae (“little caves”). Caveolae are cavities (indentations) that appear in the membranes of multiple cell types, particularly muscle cells, which need considerable energy to maintain their ability to promote movement. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that give the cell physical strength but also likely double as electrical wires for transporting protons into organelles that are attached to the cytoskeleton, including lysosomes and mitochondria. The microtubules that form the cytoskeleton organize as hollow cylinders filled with structured water. The water is essential to maintain conductivity; without water, the tubule becomes an insulator. An imaginative paper by Sahu et al. has uncovered resonance phenomena in these tubules maintained through “electromagnetic resonant oscillation” that can encode information analogous to human-engineered wireless communication channels [24].
Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester use and inhibition of p42/44 MAP kinase signal pathway on caveolin 1 gene expression and antioxidant system in chronic renal failure model of rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yilmaz Cigremis, Hasan Ozen, Merve Durhan, Selahattin Tunc, Evren Kose
Caveolae are 50–80 nm diameter sack-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that are present in many cell types (Lamaze et al. 2017). They are highly important in membrane trafficking and play important roles in cellular bioactivities. Caveolae are composed of caveolins (CAV) and cavins. Three types of caveolins, CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3 are described. CAV1 is expressed in many cell types, such as adipocytes, endothelial cells, pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (Cohen 2004). It is also shown to be normally expressed in distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, and parietal cells of Bowman capsule of normal human kidney (Tamaskar et al. 2007). Although CAV1−/− knockout mice were reported to be viable and fertile, lack of caveolae or caveolins were shown to cause muscle, pulmonary, or lipid disorders (Le Lay and Kurzchalia 2005). A wide distribution of CAV1, therefore, signifies its importance in cellular transmembrane activities.
Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Eva Malikova, Zuzana Kmecova, Gabriel Doka, Lenka Bies Pivackova, Peter Balis, Simona Trubacova, Eva Velasova, Peter Krenek, Jan Klimas
Caveolae are small invaginations of the surface of various cells such as endothelial, smooth muscle, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts affecting various physiological functions including cell surface signaling, endocytosis, and intracellular cholesterol transport. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is one of the major constituents essential for caveolae formation. Cav-1 is expressed in two isoforms, caveolin-1α (cav-1α) and caveolin-1β (cav-1β), that are produced from two different mRNAs (5). Moreover, protein produced from cav-1α can be phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 (pTyr14cav-1) and compared to cav-1β has a slightly different subcellular distribution (6). In the heart, cav-1 is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts (7), numerically the most abundant cell type of heart (8). Cav-1 is also highly expressed in endothelial cells (9), which represent the major non-myocyte population (10). Phosphorylation of cav-1 on tyrosine 14 occurs as a response to cellular stress, hormone, and growth factor stimulation (11) and seems to inhibit fibroblast–myofibroblast transformation (12), which results in an increased extracellular matrix production (13).
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the Nrf2 signaling pathway in skin cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Alena Ryšavá, Jitka Vostálová, Alena Rajnochová Svobodová
Caveolins are the structural and scaffolding proteins of caveolae, small (50- to 100-nm) omega-shaped invaginations of the cell surface plasma membrane, rich in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. Caveolae occur in a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells (Cohen et al. 2004; Volonte et al. 2013). There are three isoforms of caveolins (1-3). Cav-1 is the principal component of caveolae, with an unusual hairpin-like conformation that participates in vesicular trafficking and signals transduction events. It is expressed ubiquitously and Cav-1-enriched cellular organelles include the mitochondrion, the nucleus, the Golgi complex, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Wang et al. 2017). As has been documented, Cav-1 is an OS-related protein, as OS modulates the expression, posttranslational modification and degradation of Cav-1. Under basal conditions, Cav-1 constitutively interacts with Nrf2 in both the cytosol and nucleus. Under OS, ROS/RNS decreases Cav-1 expression, induces its proteasomal degradation and phosphorylation and also inhibits its palmitoylation, which decreases Cav-1 membrane association. These events result in reduced Cav-1-Nrf2 interaction, reviewed recently by (Wang et al. 2017) (Figure 3). In addition, Cav-1 knockdown affects the interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1 and increases Nrf2 transcription activity. Mutation of the Cav-1 binding motif on Nrf2 effectively attenuates their interaction and results in higher transcription activity of Nrf2-targeted genes. It also induces higher levels of antioxidant enzymes compared to wild-type control (Li et al. 2012).