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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Sidrah Tariq Khan, Sagheer Ahmed
Moreover, there have also been reports where people with hematological diseases were developing severe illness in response to COVID-19. This is thought to be a result of a dysfunctional immune system (a result of their hematological illness) and the immunosuppressants they receive for treatment [23]. There is also some indication that a higher body-mass index (BMI) or obesity can also be a major risk factor for severe disease. As we know, obesity does in fact, exposes people to a high risk of heart diseases and usually have a higher expression level of ACE-2 enzyme, all of which coupled with SARS-CoV-2 can have devastating outcomes, [24]. Moreover, higher levels of certain proteins and enzymes in the body can also indicate disease progression and severity, these include: High WBC count;High aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT);High C-reactive protein (CRP);High pro-calcitonin (PCT);High creatine kinase (CK);High lactate dehydrogenase (LDH);High D-dimers.
Hypothesis Testing
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Body mass index is calculated by dividing a person's weight by the square of his or her height; it is a measure of the extent to which the individual is overweight. For the population of middle-aged men who later develop diabetes mellitus, the distribution of baseline body mass indices is approximately normal with an unknown mean μ and standard deviation A sample of 58 men selected from this group has mean kg/m2 and standard deviation kg/m2 [197].
The Scale of the Problem—Overweight and Obesity
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Body mass index does not distinguish between mass due to body fat and muscles. Nor does it take account of the distribution of fat around the body. Some individuals who might not be defined as obese according to their BMI may still have a high degree of abdominal obesity, also termed ‘central’ obesity. So an adult’s waist circumference should be considered in addition to their BMI (especially for those with a BMI >35 kg/m2) when a clinician is assessing how overweight they are, or their waist:hip ratio. The relative distribution of fat between waist and hip predicts someone’s subsequent coronary artery disease better than their body mass index. There are increased health risks from obesity when the waist circumference exceeds 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women.
Determinants of Treatment Toxicity in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Katja A. Schönenberger, Emilie Reber, Karin Schläppi, Annic Baumgartner, Zeno Stanga, Attila Kollár
A recent review by Barnes et al. presented a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the impact of body mass index (BMI) and body composition on outcomes among patients with STS, highlighting the importance of obesity as a potentially targetable risk factor (2). However, interpreting BMI alone is neither simple nor meaningful as it is a poor measure of obesity. Body mass represents a combination of muscle and fat mass and does not reflect differences in lean body mass (LBM), muscle mass, and fat mass distribution (i.e., intramuscular, visceral, and subcutaneous). Decreased muscle mass is a good indicator of worse clinical outcomes and poor quality of life, especially in cases of sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in cancer and is associated with negative clinical outcomes, such as treatment toxicity, frailty, and increased morbidity and mortality (2). The depletion of muscle mass is characterized by both a reduction in muscle size (quantitative change) and an increased proportion of inter- and intramuscular fat (qualitative change). Therefore, fat infiltration may be a manifestation of the wasting process. Increased intramuscular adipose tissue can be quantified in computed tomography (CT) scans by attenuation of muscle density. Previous research has shown an association between low muscle quality (i.e., low muscle attenuation) and adverse clinical outcomes (5, 6).
Prevalence and risk factors for self-reported symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome among hospital office workers: a cross-sectional study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
The study included 151 office workers, most of whom were women (68.2%). The mean age of the participants was 37.4 ± 8.3 years (range: 22–57 years). The average body mass index (BMI) was 25.7 ± 4.2. Of the participants, 68.9% were married, 74.2% had a college degree, 53% had never smoked and 68.9% had never used alcohol. Less than a quarter of the participants had a previous diagnosis of CTS (22.5%), and few had a previous history of hand–wrist accident/surgery (7.3%). With regard to the professional characteristics of the participants, 60.3% had 10 years or more working, 74.8% worked 8 h or less, 61.6% had 3 h or more working time on the computer without a break, 71.5% did not use a mouse pad with wrist support, 62.3% perceived their workload as moderate and 88.7% found their job stressful. The average age and BMI of the male participants were found to be significantly higher than those of females (p = 0.029 and p < 0.001, respectively). The frequency of being married (p = 0.001), consuming alcohol (p = 0.001) or having a previous CTS diagnosis (p = 0.026) was significantly higher in women compared to men (Table 1).
Examining the Association Between Parental Factors and Childhood Obesity
Published in Journal of Community Health Nursing, 2023
Kashica J. Webber-Ritchey, Desale Habtezgi, Xiaoxia Wu, Anya Samek
There is evidence that the children of overweight or obese parents have increased risk of being overweight or obese themselves and that parent body mass index (BMI) is linked to child BMI (Awasthi et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Sanyaolu et al., 2019). Overweight in adults is defined as a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 while obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher (CDC, 2021). Based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Growth Charts, childhood overweight status is defined as a BMI-for-age at 85th percentile to less than 95th percentile while childhood obesity status is defined as a BMI-for-age at 95th percentile or greater (CDC, 2021b). One meta-analysis identified a strong association between parent-child (P-C) obesity (pooled OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 2.09, 2.36) which varied by type of P-C pair (i.e., parents-child, father-child, and mother-child), child age, parent and child weight status, and the country’s economic level (Wang et al., 2017). Another metanalysis found that children whose parents were overweight or obese were 1.97 times more likely to be overweight or obese than children whose parents were a healthy weight (Lee et al., 2022).