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Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)/Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
BCC of the skin is the most frequently occurring form of all cancers, with squamous cell carcinoma being the second most common. BCC often appears as a painless raised area of skin, which may be shiny with small blood vessels running over it, or it may present as a raised area with ulceration. The bottom layer of the epidermis is the basal cell layer. With basal cancer, cells in this layer are the ones that become cancerous. Most basal cell cancers occur on skin that is regularly exposed to sunlight or other ultraviolet radiation.
Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Another avoidable external contributor that increases the cancer incidence includes excessive exposure to solar radiations and artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Each year, more than one million skin cancer cases are diagnosed, and the incidence continues to rise [56]. The primary cause of skin cancer that is melanomatous and non-melanomatous is solar radiation. UV radiation induces genetic mutations and affects the cutaneous immune system, thus limiting the ability of the body to reject abnormal cells. The risk of basal cell and squamous cell cancer seems to be correlated with total lifetime exposure to the sun. Studies have shown that cumulative exposure to the UV radiations from the sun may increase the risk of melanoma, but it is even more dangerous to have repeated intense exposures that lead to blistering burns, particularly at a young age [57]. In addition, UV radiation from tanning booths has been classified as a carcinogen to humans, with a 75% increase in the risk of melanoma in people who used tanning beds before the age of 35 [58].
Mouth, tongue, lips and ears
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
This occurs from the pressure of spectacles and occurs at the side of the bridge of the nose or behind the ear (Fig. 6.45). It looks like a basal cell carcinoma, and is distinguished by skin biopsy. Changing from heavy to light - framed glasses usually resolves the problem.
A retrospective study comparing different injection approaches of 5-aminolevulinic acid in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Weihong Zhao, Jun Wang, Ying Zhang, Baoyong Zheng
Nowadays incidences of skin cancer are increased in the world because of ultraviolet radiation, ozone depletion, and the other several factors (1). Consumption of caffeinated drinks reduces non-melanoma skin cancer in the Chinese population but the rate of non-melanoma skin cancer is highest in the Chinese population among the Asia-pacific because of Fitzpatrick skin types III (darker white skin) and IV (light brown skin) of the Chinese population (2). Most of the skin cancer is developed from the epidermis. From the basal cells and near the epidermis-dermis junction, the basal cell carcinoma (the non-melanoma skin cancer) is developed. It is the most common type of skin cancer. Also, from keratinocytes, the squamous cell carcinoma (the non-melanoma skin cancer) is developed which is the second most common skin cancer, and from the basal intercellular melanocytes, the melanoma skin cancer is developed and is the third most common skin cancer (3). The majority of the non-melanoma skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a ratio of approximately 4:1. Besides that, a wide variety of additional nonmelanoma skin tumors occurred from the other cells present in skin, for example, lymphocytes, Merkel cells, vascular endothelial cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and cells forming the adnexal structures. These cancers are quite rare compared to basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas (4).
Experiences of using vedolizumab in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in the East Midlands UK – a retrospective observational study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2020
Jonathan R. White, Said Din, Richard J. M. Ingram, Stephen Foley, Mohammad Aftab Alam, Richard Robinson, Rodric Francis, Emily Tucker, Mustafa Jalal, David Elphick, Edmond Atallah, Anthony Norman, Muhammad Amin, Aamir Sajjad, Nicola Heggs, Simon Meadowcroft, Gordon W. Moran
Patients (53%) had at least one hospital admission in the 12 months preceding vedolizumab commencement. This reduced to 30% during the observation period. The mean rate of IBD-related hospital admissions prior to vedolizumab initiation per patient per year for CD and UC was 1.0 (IQR 0–1.0) and 0.9 (IQR 0–2.0), respectively. Following vedolizumab initiation, median rate of hospitalisation for CD and UC were 1.0 (IQR 0–1.0) and 1.0 (IQR 0–1.0), respectively. Twenty-six patients had IBD related surgery (12 patients with CD and 14 patients with UC) during the observation period after initiation of vedolizumab. Four of these patients had two surgical procedures. Overall, 12 adverse events were recorded in patients receiving vedolizumab during the study observation period. The most common was intolerance of vedolizumab (n = 5) (Table 4). About 9% of patients were admitted with infections, with respiratory tract infections being the most common. Three patients were diagnosed with a malignancy during the observation period. One patient was diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma and treated with surgery. They received 14 doses of vedolizumab which was later stopped due to loss of response. Another patient who received four doses of vedolizumab (which was later stopped due to non-response) was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia and was started on chemotherapy. The final patient underwent a prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The vedolizumab was continued for more than 12 months by the end of the observation period.
Cost-minimization analysis of alemtuzumab compared to fingolimod and natalizumab for the treatment of active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the Netherlands
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2018
M. A. Piena, M. Heisen, L. W. Wormhoudt, J. van Wingerden, S. T. F. M. Frequin, B. M. J. Uitdehaag
Patients on fingolimod treatment also require a pre-treatment VZV immune status test and, if necessary, a vaccination and re-test. Patients with a history of uveitis or diabetes (2.6% of treatment population32) need a pre-treatment ophthalmologic evaluation because of an increased risk of macular edema. Moreover, ophthalmologic evaluation after 3 months of treatment is mandatory for all patients treated with fingolimod. Neurologist visits take place every 3 months during the first year of treatment, and every 6 months afterwards. We assumed that skin checks for potential signs of basal cell carcinoma are performed by the neurologist during the regular visits (no additional costs associated)33. Laboratory tests (CBC, liver function; see Table 1) take place in parallel with the neurology visits.