China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Caring for people with impaired mobility
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Rowena Slope, Katherine Hopkinson
Footwear: Suitable supportive footwear with a large surface-area contact can reduce fall risk (Swann 2014) as well as ensuring that shoes or slippers are correctly fitting. Fall risk also increases when walking barefoot (Borland et al. 2013).
Substantive Issues in Running
Published in Christopher L. Vaughan, Biomechanics of Sport, 2020
Carol A. Putnam, John W. Kozey
Nigg133 presented a typical example of a GRF curve and an accelerometer signal collected simultaneously as a subject ran across a force plate. He pointed out that the shapes of the two curves were similar during the initial impact peak. While this might be taken as an indication that the curves are related measurements of the same mechanical event at foot impact, other data have suggested that the two techniques do not always lead to the same results with regard to shoe cushioning. Clarke et al.144 mounted an acclerometer on the distal-medial surface of the tibia and had a subject run across a force platform at 3.8 m/sec. Five shoe conditions and one barefoot condition were tested. They found a significant difference in both the peak tibial accelerations and the peak vertical ground forces when barefoot running was compared with running in shoes. However, the relative magnitudes of the two measures were not the same within the shoe trials.
Management of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly
Published in Wilbert S. Aronow, Jerome L. Fleg, Michael W. Rich, Tresch and Aronow’s Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, 2019
Persons with PVD must have proper foot care (7,8,159) (Table 30.4). They must wear properly fitted shoes. Careless nail clipping or injury from walking barefoot must be avoided. Feet should be washed daily and the skin kept moist with topical emollients to prevent cracks and fissures, which may have portals for bacterial infection. Fungal infection of the feet must be treated. Socks should be wool or other thick fabrics, and padding or shoe inserts may be used to prevent pressure sores. When a wound of the foot develops, specialized foot gear, including casts, boots, and ankle foot arthoses may be helpful in unweighting the affected area (159). Patients with PAD should also have an annual influenza vaccination to reduce all-cause mortality (8,133).
Reduced joint reaction and muscle forces with barefoot running
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Hyun Kyung Kim, Qichang Mei, Yaodong Gu, Ali Mirjalili, Justin Fernandez
This study has limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. The current study estimated JRF and muscle force through modelling simulation, which should be interpreted with care. The musculoskeletal model has been developed based on many assumptions (Delp et al. 1990), considering it as a single rigid structure and this may lead to inaccuracy in joint force and muscle force prediction. However, the modelling simulation was evaluated with EMG data, which showed similar peak muscle activities (Figure 2). In addition, the workflow (e.g. static optimisation, joint reaction analysis) that we used for estimating JRF in the current study has widely been employed with previous studies (Lai et al. 2014; Lerner et al. 2016; Saliba et al. 2017; Viceconti et al. 2019). The results of joint moments from the current study were also compared with recently published OpenSim running studies (Hamner and Delp 2013; Mei et al. 2019). Further, it should be noted that this study recruited runners who have no experience with barefoot running to control potential confounding factors due to reported differences in foot morphology and running biomechanics between habitual barefoot runners and shod runners (D’AoÛt et al. 2009; Hatala et al. 2013; Mei et al. 2015). Thus, some caution is needed when applying our results to habitual barefoot runners.
Foot internal stress distribution during impact in barefoot running as function of the strike pattern
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Enrique Morales-Orcajo, Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo, Marta Losa Iglesias, Javier Bayod, Estevam Barbosa de Las Casas
A solid block composed of hexahedral elements was created under the foot to simulate different running strikes patterns over different types of ground. Three barefoot running strikes were configured based on the running strike pattern observations of Lieberman et al. (2010). Barefoot RFS running was simulated with an impact force of 1.89BW and an impact angle of θ = 16.4°, which corresponds to the impact angle of habitually shod adults running barefoot (Lieberman et al. 2010). Barefoot FFS running was set to an impact force of 0.58BW and θ = −1.13° as impact angle. This configuration corresponds to barefoot runners that never were been shod (Lieberman et al. 2010). Barefoot MFS running was considered with the average impact force of RFS and FFS (1.24BW) and a landing parallel to the ground (θ = 0°). Additionally, a moment in the ankle was defined in order to include running dynamic forces. This moment was estimated according to ankle moment measurements during running (Novacheck 1998) and introduced in the model by applying an axial force at the end of the Achilles tendon. The proximal extreme of the tibialis anterior was constrained to have zero displacement, to simulate the muscle tuning that occurs prior to impact (Nigg 2001). A description of the boundary conditions is shown in Figure 4. A quasi-static analysis was performed for all cases with 700 N of BW.
Tibiotalar cartilage stress corresponds to T2 mapping: application to barefoot running in novice and marathon-experienced runners
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Hyun Kyung Kim, Ali Mirjalili, Anthony Doyle, Justin Fernandez
This study integrates gait analysis, FE modelling of joint cartilage stress and MRI-derived T2 maps to investigate association of predicted tibiotalar cartilage stress with T2 functional imaging in response to mid-distance barefoot running. The findings from this study support the following conclusions. First, FE predicted tibiotalar cartilage stress patterns correspond to T2 map patterns, reporting large stresses in the anterior, posterior, and lateral tibiotalar cartilage corresponding to high T2 uptake. This suggests that tibiotalar cartilage stress may play a likely mechanical role in fluid build-up and possible inflammation supported by high T2 uptake in those regions. Second, barefoot ME runners exhibited reduced tibiotalar cartilage stresses post running corresponding with no increase in baseline T2 values. The experienced runners in this study support previous findings that barefoot running can be beneficial as it may reduce peak impact force and impact rate (Lieberman et al. 2010). However, in contrast, novice runners from this study were unable to reduce stress in their ankle cartilage. This is likely in part due to the different running strategies displayed by ME and novice runners. ME runners presented a coping strategy post-running where they reduce loading primarily in the medial metatarsals and shift this to the lateral metatarsals and midfoot. In contrast, novice runners showed a different strategy by reducing loading in the medial toes and shifting this to the lateral toes and midfoot. ME runners appear to reduce stress and prevent elevated fluid gathering in cartilage (measured by T2 maps) whereas novice runners appear to be less experienced and maintain similar stress levels after running leading to elevated T2 levels. This suggests that it may be the repetitive loading in novice runners at consistently high cartilage stress levels that leads to increased T2 values. In response, ME runners reduce their cartilage loading so this effect is not observed or possibly delayed.