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Anatomy
Published in Michael Stolberg, Gabrielle Falloppia, 1522/23–1562, 2023
One of the great advances of Renaissance anatomy was the first precise account of the small auditory ossicles that pick up and amplify the vibrations of the eardrum and, according to modern understanding, help convert them into nervous impulses.168 Falloppia made major contributions here.169 Handsch once again supplemented his notes on the anatomical demonstration by Fracanzano, which he had attended in the winter of 1550/51, with what he learned from Falloppia. Falloppia, he noted, showed them, in the head of a calf, the “membranula” at the end of the auditory canal and two ossicles, the hammer and the anvil; the notes do not mention the stapes. The ossicles were inside a cavity, which, he explained, was filled with air from birth. When the “membranula” was set in motion by the effect of the sound on the surrounding air, the air inside the cavity was set into motion as well and the sound was transmitted to the sensus communis. Falloppia also mentioned a test that is still used today for distinguishing between sensorineural hearing loss and impaired sound conduction due, for example, to a blocked external ear tube; in the latter hearing is still preserved via bone conduction. It was a good sign, he explained to his listeners when someone hard of hearing could still hear noise when he put a finger in his ear.170
Radiation Damage of Other Organ Systems
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
The early effect of radiation on the middle and inner ear consists of damage primarily to the capillaries and fine vasculature. The early radiation responses are referred to as an acute “vasculitis of the middle ear” (otitis media) and inner ear (labyrinthitis). These changes may cause disturbances in the cochlear function, which leads to an abnormal sensitivity to loudness.1 Infection may complicate the effects of irradiation on the middle ear. Uncomplicated radiation otitis media usually subsides a few weeks after irradiation. The progressive degenerative changes in blood vessels and in connective tissue may seriously impair the blood supply of the cochlea, labyrinth, and auditory ossicles, which may result in degeneration and fibrosis of dependent structures and loss of hearing capacity. The delayed necrosis of the auditory ossicles has been described as a late effect.
Canine Audiology
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Kristine E. Sonstrom, Peter M. Scheifele
The division between the outer and middle ear space is the tympanic membrane, behind which are the three auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. The middle ear connects to the inner ear via the round window. The inner ear includes the cochlea and vestibular system (semi-circular canals and surrounding structures). The dog’s cochlea has approximately 3¼ turns, as opposed to the human’s cochlea with 2½ turns. This difference becomes important when analyzing the frequency and threshold of hearing in the dog. Thus, we should avoid the use of human references and standards regarding hearing when testing dogs. A further discussion on assessment techniques will follow.
Transcanal endoscopic management of isolated congenital middle ear malformations
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Licai Shi, Shuainan Chen, Rujie Li, Yideng Huang
All operations in this study were performed by the same experienced ear surgeon (Yideng Huang) by exclusively transcanal endoscopic tympanoplasty surgery. Each patient received general anesthesia. After creating a tympanomeatal flap and removing a small part of the bone in the upper wall of the external auditory canal, the tympanic cavity and ossicular chain can be explored. The ways of hearing reconstruction were mentioned as follows. (1) Malleus-incus complex (MIC) anomalies with normal and mobile stapes. After removing the deformed auditory ossicles, the hearing was reconstructed with partial auditory ossicle prosthesis (PORP) (Figure 1). (2) Abnormal stapes suprastructure with a mobile stapes footplate: after removing the deformed superstructure of stapes and other malformed auditory ossicles, the hearing was reconstructed with complete auditory ossicular prosthesis (TORP) (Figure 2). (3) Stapes footplate fixation or oval window bony atresia/aplasia, with or without other parts of ossicular chain anomalies. Vestibulotomy with piston insertion was performed to establish a connection between the vestibule and the handle of the malleus or the long process of the incus (Figures 3–5).
Design of a resilient ring for middle ear’s chamber stapes prosthesis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Emilia Anna Kiryk, Konrad Kamieniecki, Monika Kwacz
Stapes prostheses are used for surgical treatment of otosclerosis, which is an illness affecting auditory ossicles located in the middle ear. The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) link the outer and inner ear and transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window (OW). The stapes footplate (SF) is suspended on a highly elastic annular ligament (AL) in the OW niche. The AL enables the stapes to vibrate and to generate a pressure wave in the perilymph fluid. Otosclerosis immobilizes the stapes due to stiffening of the AL. This leads to a decrease in stimulation of the perilymph and manifests by conductive hearing loss (CHL). Otosclerosis is the cause of almost 22% of all CHL (Potocka et al. 2010).
More data on ancient human mitogenome variability in Italy: new mitochondrial genome sequences from three Upper Palaeolithic burials
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Alessandra Modi, Stefania Vai, Cosimo Posth, Chiara Vergata, Valentina Zaro, Maria Angela Diroma, Francesco Boschin, Giulia Capecchi, Stefano Ricci, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Giulio Catalano, Gabriele Lauria, Giuseppe D'Amore, Luca Sineo, David Caramelli, Martina Lari
The San Teodoro Cave is located in northern Sicily (San Fratello Acquedolci, Messina, Italy) and represents one of the most important prehistoric archaeological sites to understand the island’s peopling dynamics (Sineo et al. 2015). The site has been known since the 19th century (Bonfiglio et al. 2001) and yielded a rich Pleistocene vertebrate fossil assemblage (Catalano et al. 2020; Garilli et al. 2020 and references therein) as well as late Upper Palaeolithic human burials and artefacts (Graziosi and Maviglia 1946; D'Amore et al. 2009 and references therein). The Upper Palaeolithic remains from San Teodoro Cave represent the oldest human skeletal sample yet found in Sicily. Seven variously preserved Homo sapiens individuals (ST1-7) were excavated from different stratigraphic settings in the outer part of the cave (Graziosi and Maviglia 1946; Graziosi 1947); they could possibly be considered the direct descendants of the earliest Epigravettian settlers who arrived in Sicily crossing the Messinian strait (D'Amore et al. 2009). The sample analysed here is one of the three auditory ossicles (left incus) collected from the San Teodoro 2 (ST2) individual during a restoration activity (Carotenuto et al. 2013). ST2 is represented by an almost complete cranium housed at the Geological Museum “G. G. Gemmellaro” of the University of Palermo. It was discovered by Maviglia in 1938 in a disturbed burial and only the cranium was preserved to be unearthed in the subsequent year. Morphological study attributed the specimen to a 40–50 years-old individual according to dental wear (Graziosi 1947; D'Amore et al. 2009). It was found in the same stratum of San Teodoro 1 (ST1). Morphological features suggest the skeleton belongs to an Epigravettian individual. The skeleton ST1, found in close proximity to ST2, gave a calibrated age of 14,700 years BP (15,232–14,126 cal BP) (Incarbona et al. 2010; Mannino et al. 2011).